Telerehabilitation is Effective to Recover Functionality and Increase Skeletal Muscle Mass Index in COVID-19 Survivors

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of a telerehabilitation program for COVID-19 survivors on their functionality, aerobic capacity, upper-lower body strength and skeletal muscle mass index. Methods: Fifty patients (22 M); age 54.1±15.4 who became ill with COVID-19 during 2020 completed a 24-session telerehabilitation program. The following measures were taken: Barthel’s index, two minutes step test (2MST), elbow flexion one-repetition maximal (1RM), short physical performance battery (SPPB), hand grip strength, 30-second chair stand, skeletal muscle index (SMI), body fat percentage, resting pulse, arterial blood pressure, and pulse oximetry. Results: There was a significant increase in the Barthel index (p?0.0001), 2MST (p?0.0001), 1RM elbow flexion (p?0.0001), SPPB (p?0.0001), hand grip strength (p?0.0001), 30-second chair stand (p?0.0001), and SMI (p?0.0001). Conclusion: A 24 session in-home telerehabilitation program promoted the recovery of physical independence and increases in skeletal muscle mass index and physical fitness

In preschool children, physical activity during school time can significantly increase by intensifying locomotor activities during physical education classes

Objectives: After categorizing preschool children into “active and low active” according to their moderate and vigor‑ ous physical activity (MVPA) in PE classes (PE), we compared these two groups within each sex and by sex in: (a) % MVPA and MVPA minutes accrued from each fundamental motor skill (FMS) during PE and (b) % MVPA during school time. Results: 532 children (mean age 5.2 years, 50% girls) were selected from a nationwide program which provides 3 weekly PE. Children wore accelerometers during one school day which included PE. We recorded the type and duration of each activity indicated by the teacher, classifying each one into the corresponding FMS, extracting its MVPA minutes from the accelerometer software. Children were categorized into active and low active. Comparisons used T-tests. In PE, active children accumulate 40 and 36 percentage points (pp) more MVPA minutes (boys and girls respectively), while during school time, 4 pp more in each sex. Girls are signifcantly less active. Just considering loco‑ motion, active boys and girls accumulate 11 more MVPA minutes during PE. Active boys surpass the MVPA guideline for PE, while active girls almost reach it. Low active children (especially girls) should intensify locomotor activities during PE

石笋矿物类型、成因及其对气候和环境的指示

© 2018 Moreno et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Background This study was aimed to estimate life expectancy (LE), disability-free life expectancy (DFLE) and disabled life expectancy (DLE) among older adults from Santiago, Chile, and to determine the existence of differences by gender and by body mass index (BMI) categories in these indicators. Methods A sample of 1216 people aged 60 or more, from the Chilean cohort of the Study of Health, Ageing and Well-Being was recruited in 2000; two follow-up assessments were carried out in a 10-year period. Functional limitation was assessed through self-report of difficulties in activities of daily living, instrumental activities of daily living and mobility. BMI was determined with measured weight and height. Multistate life tables were em

Percepción de escolares chilenos de distinto nivel socioeconómico sobre la regulación de la publicidad de alimentos

El objetivo del estudio fue analizar la percepción de escolares de 8 a 12 años, de ambos sexos, distinto nivel socioeconómico (NSE) y estado nutricional, sobre la regulación de la publicidad de alimentos y bebidas azucaradas. En un estudio de corte transversal, se aplicó una encuesta previamente validada a 812 escolares (399 niños y 413 niñas) de NSE alto y bajo en 3 ciudades del país. Los datos se analizaron según NSE y estado nutricional. La obesidad fue más prevalente en los niños de NSE bajo, quienes veían más comerciales de alimentos y bebidas en televisión y los de NSE alto en Internet y celulares. Sobre el 65% de los escolares en ambos NSE llevaba dinero para comprar alimentos en el horario escolar. En los primeros meses de entrada en vigencia de la Ley 20.606, el 80% de los niños indicaron que les gustaba ser informados de lo que contenían los alimentos y los sellos Alto en Calorías, Alto en Grasas Saturadas y Alto en Sodio fueron significativamente más importantes para los de NSE alto. El sello Alto en Azúcares fue igualmente importante en ambos NSE. Estos resultados permitirán apoyar intervenciones de educación en nutrición y marketing social que motiven la alimentación saludable en niños, padres y profesores

Patrones alimentarios y su relación con sobrepeso y obesidad en niñas chilenas de nivel socioeconómico medio alto

El objetivo del presente estudio fue la identificación de patrones alimentarios y su asociación con la presencia de obesidad o sobrepeso en niñas. Se seleccionó una muestra de 108 niñas entre 8 y 11 años de nivel socioeconómico medio alto en un colegio privado de Santiago de Chile. A estas niñas se les determinó el índice de masa corporal y se les aplicó una encuesta de frecuencia de consumo de alimentos cuantificada y de actividad física (validada en el Proyecto FAO/MINEDUC/INTA "Educación en nutrición en la enseñanza básica"). Por medio del análisis factorial se obtuvieron cuatro factores que representan patrones alimentarios diferentes, y explican 54% de la variación total. El primer factor se caracterizó por una dieta basada en el consumo de alimentos de alta densidad energética (comida rápida, helados, chocolates, papas fritas, "snacks"); el segundo por una dieta saludable (lácteos, frutas y verduras); el tercero por la ingesta de bebidas gaseosas (con y sin azúcar) y el cuarto por una dieta rica en alimentos de alta densidad energética y azúcares (pan, cecinas, dulces). Los cuatro patrones alimentarios se relacionaron mediante una regresión logística con la presencia o no de sobrepeso y obesidad, obteniéndose que el primer patrón, alimentos de alta densidad energética, se asoció significativamente con la presencia de obesidad (OR= 1,86; 95% IC: 1,12 - 3,09). Los resultados de este estudio son consistentes con los obtenidos en otros países.Summary The aim of the present study was to identify dietary patterns in girls and to assess their association with obesity or overweight. A school-based sample of 108 girls between 8 and 11 years of medium-high socioeconomic level was selected in Santiago, Chile. The body mass index was calculated and a quantified food frequency and physical activity questionnaires (validated in the FAO/MINEDUC/INTA Project Nutritional Education in primary schools) were applied. Four distinct dietary factors or patterns were obtained explaining 54% of the total variation using factorial analysis. The first factor was characterized by an energy-dense diet (high consumption of fat foods, ice creams, chocolates, French fries, snacks). The second factor represented a healthy diet (dairy products, fruits and salads). The third factor represented intake of soft drinks (either with or without sugar). The fourth factor represented a diet rich in calories and sugars (bread, sausages, sweets). The association between the four dietary factors and overweight/obesity was assessed through logistic regression models. The first factor, energy-dense foods, was the only one significantly associated with the presence of obesity (OR = 1.86; 95% CI: 1.12 - 3.09). The results of this research about dietary patterns are consistent with studies carried out in other countries

Patrones alimentarios y su relación con sobrepeso y obesidad en niñas chilenas de nivel socioeconómico medio alto

El objetivo del presente estudio fue la identificación de patrones alimentarios y su asociación con la presencia de obesidad o sobrepeso en niñas. Se seleccionó una muestra de 108 niñas entre 8 y 11 años de nivel socioeconómico medio alto en un colegio privado de Santiago de Chile. A estas niñas se les determinó el índice de masa corporal y se les aplicó una encuesta de frecuencia de consumo de alimentos cuantificada y de actividad física (validada en el Proyecto FAO/MINEDUC/INTA "Educación en nutrición en la enseñanza básica"). Por medio del análisis factorial se obtuvieron cuatro factores que representan patrones alimentarios diferentes, y explican 54% de la variación total. El primer factor se caracterizó por una dieta basada en el consumo de alimentos de alta densidad energética (comida rápida, helados, chocolates, papas fritas, "snacks"); el segundo por una dieta saludable (lácteos, frutas y verduras); el tercero por la ingesta de bebidas gaseosas (con y sin azúcar) y el cuarto por una dieta rica en alimentos de alta densidad energética y azúcares (pan, cecinas, dulces). Los cuatro patrones alimentarios se relacionaron mediante una regresión logística con la presencia o no de sobrepeso y obesidad, obteniéndose que el primer patrón, alimentos de alta densidad energética, se asoció significativamente con la presencia de obesidad (OR= 1,86; 95% IC: 1,12 - 3,09). Los resultados de este estudio son consistentes con los obtenidos en otros países

Reference values of hand grip dynamometry and the relationship between low strength and mortality in older Chileans

Aim: This study was aimed to set reference values of hand-grip strength by age and sex and validate cut points for risk of functional limitation and mortality in older Chileans. Methods: This was a pooled analysis of four studies including 6,426 people >60 years of nondependent community-dwelling Chileans. After exclusion criteria, the final sample included 5,250 subjects, from whom 2,193 were followed to study all-cause mortality associated with low hand-grip strength. Face-to-face interviews registering sociodemographic characteristics, self-reported chronic diseases, and functional limitations were conducted. Anthropometric measurements and observed mobility were performed by trained professionals. Hand-grip strength was measured with a hand dynamometer T-18 (Country Technology, Inc.) before 2008 or with JAMAR brand from 2008 onwards. Percentiles were calculated through descriptive analysis and quantile regression models for specific groups of age and sex. Adjusted Cox regression hazard models for mortality risk according to low dynamometry condition and covariates were developed. Results: We deliver reference values of hand-grip strength for older Chileans proposing the 25th percentile as the cut-off point for low dynamometry risk: men <= 27 kg, women <= 15 kg. Low hand-grip strength was associated with Instrumental Activities of Daily Living limitations (p=0.001), and altered physical performance evaluated through the Timed Up and Go test (p=0.0001), grasping (p=0.001), bending (p<0.0001), and lifting (p<0.0001). After Cox proportional hazard regression models were assessed with a median follow-up of 9.2 years, the adjusted risk of all-cause mortality associated with a hand-grip strength lower than the 25th percentile in older Chileans showed a hazard ratio of 1.39 (95% confidence interval: 1.13-1.71). Conclusion: The cut-off points of dynamometry validated for the older Chileans allow the incorporation in the geriatric evaluation in primary health care of an easy-to-use, inexpensive indicator to identify older adults at risk of sarcopenia, frailty, and dismobility. In addition this also helps to optimize the evaluation of intervention strategies focused on the maintenance of functionality.Chilean National Fund for Scientific and Technological Development (Fondecyt grant) 1130947 Fondef 15I1005

Scholastic Achievement: A Multivariate Analysis of Nutritional, Intellectual, Socioeconomic, Sociocultural, Familial, and Demographic Variables in Chilean School-Age Children

Artículo de publicación ISI.OBJECTIVE: We determined relative effects of nutritional status, intellectual ability, exposure to mass media, and socioeconomic, sociocultural, familial, demographic, and educational variables on scholastic achievement (SA). METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study. Exposure to mass media and nutritional, intellectual, socioeconomic, sociocultural, familial, demographic, and educational factors, including approximately 2000 variables, were measured in a representative and proportional sample of 4509 school-age children from elementary and high schools in Chile's Metropolitan Region. The field study was carried out between 1986 and 1987, and data processing, which lasted 15 y, was completed in 2002. RESULTS: Within the total sample, intellectual ability, level of maternal schooling, head circumference-for-age Z score, book reading, in-door plumbing, level of paternal schooling, type of school, quality of housing, height-for-age Z score, and calcium intake were the independent variables with the greatest explanatory power in SA variance (r(2) = 0.508). In most grades, IA was the independent variable with the greatest explanatory power in SA variance. In adolescents in their fourth year of high school and whose physical growth and intellectual development processes are consolidated, intellectual ability, age, head circumference-for-age Z score, book reading, type of school, and level of paternal schooling were the independent variables with the greatest explanatory power in SA variance (r(2) = 0.60). CONCLUSIONS: These findings show that SA is conditioned by multiple factors depending on the characteristics of school-age children, their families, and the educational system. Nutritional indicators of past nutrition are significantly associated with SA, especially head circumference-for-age Z score. This information may be useful for health and educational planning.This study was supported in part by grants 1841167 and 1880818 from the National Fund for Scientific and Technologic Development and grant S 2169-924F from the Research and Development Department, University of Chile

Differences in magnitude of nutritional status in Chilean school children according to CDC and WHO 2005-2008 reference Diferencias en magnitud de estado nutricional en escolares chilenos según la referencia CDC y OMS 2005-2008

Introduction: Further discussions are needed regarding the magnitude of nutritional problems diagnosed using CDC or WHO, against the existence of new biological or statistical definitions of obesity. Objective: To compare the evolution of the prevalence of nutritional status among schoolchildren in first grade, from 2005 to 2008, according to CDC and WHO. Methods: Retrospective cohort study, of 140.265 students of both sexes of first grade, evaluated from 2005-2008, whose anthropometric data (weight and height), were obtained from annual registration system of school nutrition. To classify the nutritional status of children, CDC and WHO patterns were used. Results: The mean BMI was slightly different and lower in girls than in boys, in 2005 and 2006. During 2007 and 2008 the average BMI in girls reached the observed in males. There was a higher prevalence of underweight according to WHO (p=0,03), with a tendency to decrease in the subsequent years. The prevalence of normality was grea

Effect of counselling school teachers on healthy lifestyle on the impact of a program to reduce childhood obesity Estrategia de prevención de obesidad en escolares: Efecto de un programa aplicado a sus profesores (2007-2008)

Background: In 2007, a preventive strategy for childhood obesity, that included food education and an increase in physical activity, was implemented in seven public schools located in Santiago. In four of these schools, a counselling program about healthy lifestyles for teachers was also carried out. Aim: To test if counselling had an effect in the intervention for children. Material and Methods: Anthropometric measures were assessed in children at baseline and after two years of intervention. Teachers were also evaluated with anthropometry and a blood sample was obtained to measure blood glucose and serum lipids. Results: Four hundred twelve children from schools whose teachers had counselling and 237 children from schools whose teachers did not have it were evaluated. Twenty eight teachers with and 19 with no counselling were also assessed. In children, the overall prevalence of obesity decreased from 20.2 to 18.3% (p = 0.03). This reduction was only significant among females. BMI