Low Wage Jobs and Pathways to Better Outcomes

Many people find their first employment in a low wage job. Others accept low wage jobs after a period out of the workforce or unemployed. An issue of vital social interest is the speed with which low wage workers move on to better jobs. This review of the international literature finds that the extent of mobility depends on the definition of low wage, and that the least upwardly mobile are older, less educated workers, including middle aged women, sole mothers and men who have been retrenched. Young, educated, urban workers quickly move to better paid jobs. Everywhere, women are more likely to be low paid than men, and have lower mobility. Higher education reduces the risk of low pay, but not to zero. The paper goes on to examine the extent and sources of wage mobility, and looks carefully at the question of whether a low wage job can be assumed to be preferable to no job (and finds that it cannot). It finds that countries with high levels of wage inequality have lower levels of wage mobility. It concludes with a discussion of possible policy steps that could reduce the risk of people being stuck in low wage jobs for long periods. These should be targeted at both the demand side (the structure of jobs) and the supply side (the capacity of workers).Low wages; mobility; work and welfare; low wage workers.

The relationship between vulnerability to temporary versus permanent threshold shifts in BALB, CBA/J and B6 inbred mice

This study examines the dose-response relationship between TTS and PTS. Results indicate that susceptibility to TTS does not predict susceptibility to PTS and that long standing principles such as the equal energy hypothesis and early vulnerability period do not apply at low levels of noise

“Who Wants to Be a Millennial?” Game Show Production

When deciding to produce a pilot episode of a television series, I thought about the type of entertainment I wanted to see on TV but had not yet seen. I thought to myself about the themes of entertainment that could resonate with my generation. I decided to combine the interests of the Millennial generation with a game show competition including popular culture and social media themes. I wanted to emulate this traditional genre of television while capitalizing on a new, emerging audience. I had witnessed this same production tactic successfully create The American Bible Challenge when I interned at Game Show Network during my Syracuse University semester in Los Angeles. I took on this challenge independently, even though different production departments typically collaborate to create final products in the media industry. In this way, I experienced all aspects of the production world by being exposed to development, pre-production, production, and post-production. I honed the skills necessary to design a treatment, organize a production set, manage a cast and crew on-set, and edit together a program in its entirety. After this undertaking, I am confident that I could work professionally in any given department. In addition, I am confident that I could create an independent work if necessary. “Who Wants to Be a Millennial?” turns out to be a creative, comedic product of a new generation, combining classic competition with reality-style television

Florestan and Eusebius: A Look into the Critical and Creative Mindset of Robert Schumann Through the Study of Selected Writings and Fantasiestücke op. 73 für Klavier und Klarinette

Robert Schumann was an extremely influential composer and music critic during the Romantic era. Recognized for his strong connection between literature and music, musicians remember Schumann as one of the great composers of the nineteenth century. As the editor of Neue Zeitschift für Musik (New Periodical for Music) for ten years, Schumann wrote various articles critiquing distinguished and rising composers based on both technical and expressive elements in their music. Often, Schumann offered his critique through three separate characters: Eusebius, Florestan, and Master Raro. Entertaining and story-like, these character portrayals envelope aspects of Schumann’s personality and compositional style. For example, Florestan’s character is passionate, exuberant, and sometimes impulsive. On the other hand, Eusebius represents a thoughtful and reflective approach to criticism. He acts as a dreamer or romantic, and usually leaves some positive remark. These two contrasting characters are both used to describe music composed in the mid to late 1800’s. Florestan and Eusebius address separate issues and contribute to a rich understanding of the music through Schumann’s critique. Master Raro often synthesizes these conclusions into one digestible object, combining the technical and expressive elements of music. This paper will attempt to discover the technical and expressive aspects of Robert Schumann’s compositional process through the study of these characters and some of his selected works. Through an examination of Schumann’s biography, writings from Neue Zeitschift für Musik, other selected writings, and the composition Fantasiestücke op. 73 für Klavier und Klarinette, this paper will debate the division and connection of Schumann’s critical and creative mindset as exemplified through Florestan, Eusebius, and consolidated through Master Raro

Urban growth in Southern Africa : comparing 30 years of decadal imagery to census data

The total urban area of each study site was calculated for each time slice and the results were represented as maps depicting urban expansion. Graphs were also created depicting the total urban area vs. total population for each time slice (1970s, 1990s and 2000s)

Using statutory guidance and codes of practice to build on whistleblowing legislation: the Irish experience

In our opinion, the use of Guidance regarding whistleblower protection represents best international practice with regard to protected disclosures. It is devised on the premise that a one-size-fits-all approach is not appropriate given the different nature and scope of public sector bodies. In the authors’ opinion, the Irish experience demonstrates how statutory guidance and Codes of Practice can be valuable methods of explaining how the law is intended to operate as well as encouraging best practice which goes beyond the minimum statutory floor of rights

An Analysis of Gender Pay Disparity in the Nonprofit Sector: An Outcome of Labor Motivation or Gendered Jobs?

Although pay differences between men and women with comparable characteristics are generally smaller in the nonprofit than in the for-profit sector, gender pay gaps in the nonprofit sector vary widely across industries. In some industries, gender pay gaps are as large as in the for-profit sector, but in others, women make more than comparably qualified men. Using Hierarchical Linear Modeling on the combined 2001-2006 American Community Surveys, we test nonprofit labor motivation theories against a gendered-job hypothesis to explain this variation. We find that gender pay gaps in the nonprofit sector are smaller in industries where nonprofits outnumber for-profits and where higher proportions of female-dominated occupations exist

Phosphine Functionalization of GaAs(111)A Surfaces

Phosphorus-functionalized GaAs surfaces have been prepared by exposure of Cl-terminated GaAs(111)A surfaces to triethylphosphine (PEt3) or trichlorophosphine (PCl3), or by the direct functionalization of the native-oxide terminated GaAs(111)A surface with PCl3. The presence of phosphorus on each functionalized surface was confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. High-resolution, soft X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was used to evaluate the As and Ga 3d regions of such surfaces. On PEt3 treated surfaces, the Ga 3d spectra exhibited a bulk Ga peak as well as peaks that were shifted to 0.35, 0.92 and 1.86 eV higher binding energy. These peaks were assigned to residual Cl-terminated Ga surface sites, surficial Ga2O and surficial Ga2O3, respectively. For PCl3-treated surfaces, the Ga 3d spectra displayed peaks ascribable to bulk Ga(As), Ga2O, and Ga2O3, as well as a peak shifted 0.30 eV to higher binding energy relative to the bulk signal. A peak corresponding to Ga(OH)3, observed on the Cl-terminated surface, was absent from all of the phosphine-functionalized surfaces. After reaction of the Cl-terminated GaAs(111)A surface with PCl3 or PEt3, the As 3d spectral region was free of As oxides and As0. Although native oxide-terminated GaAs surfaces were free of As oxides after reaction with PCl3, such surfaces contained detectable amounts of As0. Photoluminescence measurements indicted that phosphine-functionalized surfaces prepared from Cl-terminated GaAs(111)A surfaces had better electrical properties than the native-oxide capped GaAs(111)A surface, while the native-oxide covered surface treated with PCl3 showed no enhancement in PL intensity