Postępowanie w chorobach tarczycy u kobiet w ciąży

The management of thyroid disorders during pregnancy is one of the most frequently disputed problems in modern endocrinology. It is widely known that thyroid dysfunction may result in subfertility, and, if inadequately treated during pregnancy, may cause obstetrical complications and influence fetal development. The 2007 Endocrine Society Practice Guideline endorsed with the participation of the Latino America Thyroid Association, the American Thyroid Association, the Asia and Oceania Thyroid Association and the European Thyroid Association, greatly contributed towards uniformity of the management of thyroid disorders during pregnancy and postpartum. Despite the tremendous progress in knowledge on the mutual influence of pregnancy and thyroid in health and disease, there are still important areas of uncertainty. There have been at least a few important studies published in the last 3 years, which influenced the thyroidal care of the expecting mother. It should also be remembered that guidelines may not always be universally applied in all populations with different ethnical, socio-economical, nutritional (including iodine intake) background or exposed to different iodine prophylaxis models. The Task Force for development of guidelines for thyroid dysfunction management in pregnant women was established in 2008. The expert group has recognized the following tasks: development of the coherent model of the management of thyroid dysfunction in pregnant women, identification of the group of women at risk of thyroid dysfunction, who may require endocrine care in the preconception period, during pregnancy and postpartum – that is in other words, the development of Polish recommendations for targeted thyroid disorder case finding during pregnancy, and the development of Polish trimester-specific reference values of thyroid hormones. Comprehensive Polish guidelines developed by the Task Force are to systematize the management of the thyroid disorders in pregnant women in Poland. (Pol J Endocrinol 2011; 62 (4): 362–381)Jednym z aktualnie szeroko dyskutowanych problemów współczesnej endokrynologii jest opieka tyreologiczna nad kobietą ciężarną. Powszechnie wiadomo, że dysfunkcja tarczycy może być przyczyną zaburzeń płodności, a nieleczona prawidłowo w czasie ciąży zwiększa ryzyko powikłań położniczych oraz ma wpływ na rozwój płodu. Opublikowane w 2007 roku wytyczne Towarzystwa Endokrynologicznego (Endocrine Society), opracowane przy współudziale Towarzystwa Tyreologicznego Ameryki Łacińskiej (LATS), Towarzystwa Tyreologicznego Azji i Oceanii (AOTA), Amerykańskiego Towarzystwa Tyreologicznego (ATA) oraz Europejskiego Towarzystwa Tyreologicznego (ETA), w dużym stopniu usystematyzowały zasady postępowania w chorobach tarczycy w czasie ciąży i w okresie poporodowym. Pomimo ogromnego postępu wiedzy na temat wzajemnego wpływu ciąży i funkcji gruczołu tarczowego w zdrowiu i chorobie, jaki osiągnięto w ciągu ostatnich kilkunastu lat, nadal pewne obszary wymagają dalszych badań. W ciągu 3 lat, które minęły od publikacji wytycznych, przybyło danych, które wpłynęły na niektóre zasady prowadzenia ciężarnej z chorobą tarczycy. Wytyczne nie zawsze mają charakter uniwersalny i nie mogą być w prosty sposób transponowane na społeczeństwa zróżnicowane etnicznie i ekonomicznie, o odmiennych zwyczajach dietetycznych, w tym w spożyciu nośników jodu, oraz stosujące odmienne modele profilaktyki jodowej. W 2008 roku powołano Zespół Ekspertów do spraw Opieki Tyreologicznej w Ciąży. Za cele prac Zespołu przyjęto: opracowanie modelu opieki nad ciężarną z zaburzeniami funkcji tarczycy, określenie grupy kobiet z ryzykiem zaburzeń funkcji tarczycy wymagających oceny tyreologicznej podczas planowania ciąży, w trakcie jej trwania oraz w okresie poporodowym — czyli przygotowanie polskich wskazań do badań przesiewowych oraz ustalenie wartości referencyjnych stężeń hormonów tarczycy w poszczególnych trymestrach ciąży. Opracowane przez Zespół wytyczne systematyzują zasady opieki tyreologicznej nad kobietą ciężarną w Polsce. (Endokrynol Pol 2011; 62 (4): 362–381

Comparison of multi-temporal classification of MODIS satellite data

Since the 1970’s remote sensing enable constant monitoring of land cover and land use, which are considered as the most crucial environmental data. Obtaining this information at global, regional and local scales, becomes the goal of many research and application programs and has allowed for the deeper understanding of the entire Earth system. In December 1999 NASA launched the EOS Terra Satellite, followed in 2002 by Aqua, both equipped with MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer). Thanks to its technical specification and free distribution of the majority of its products, MODIS is considered to be the most important sensor for the global vegetation mapping. Although has been originally designed for large-scale analysis, MODIS is also used in many regional research programs. This paper presents results of two approaches of multitemporal land cover classification of MODIS data. For the study polygon of 22100 square kilometres, situated in the western Poland, four single day surface reflectance data sets, of spatial resolution of 250m and 500m, were collected for the year 2007 – one for spring and autumn, and two for summer. In the first approach supervised land cover classification was conducted for each set of single day data separately. On the basis of obtained results, final classification was elaborated as an effect of analyse of the sequence of changes for each pixel. In second approach, independent classification was conducted for the aggregation of all possessed data. The accuracy of all classifications’ results was checked against Corine Land Cover 2000 database using 4200 randomly distributed points. Obtained statistics show that comparing with single-day classifications as well as with classification of aggregated data, multi-temporal approach based on the analysis of sequence, enabled crucial improvement of accuracy of the classification

CHARACTERISATION OF PRODUCTIVITY LIMITATION OF SALT-AFFECTED LANDS IN DIFFERENT CLIMATIC REGIONS OF EUROPE USING REMOTE SENSING DERIVED PRODUCTIVITY INDICATORS

Soil salinity is a global issue and one of the major causes of land degradation. The large scale monitoring of salt-affected areas is therefore very important to shed light on necessary rehabilitation measures and to avoid further land degradation. We address the productivity limitation of salt-affected soils across the European continent by the usage of soil maps and high temporal resolution time series of satellite images derived from the SPOT vegetation sensor. Using the yearly dynamism of the vegetation signal derived from the Normalised Difference Vegetation Index, we decomposed the spectral curve into its base fraction and seasonal dynamism fractions next to an index approximating gross primary productivity. We observe gross primary productivity, base fraction and seasonal dynamism productivity differences of saline, sodic and not salt-affected soils under croplands and grasslands in four major climatic zones of the European continent. Analysis of variance models and post hoc tests of mean productivity values indicate significant productivity differences between the observed salt-affected and salt free areas, between management levels of soils as well as between the saline and sodic character of the land. The analysis gives insight into the limiting effect of climate in relation to the productivity of salt-affected soils. The proposed indicators are applicable on the global level, are objective and readily repeatable with yearly updates, thus, might contribute to the global operational monitoring and assessment of degraded lands

Structural and magnetic properties of MBE grown (Fe/Pt) (111) multilayers

Series of Al₂O₃(0001)/Pt/(Fe/Pt)ₙ/Pt multilayers with variable number of bilayers n and thicknesses of individual layers were grown using molecular beam epitaxy to investigate influence of buffer layer structure, number of bilayers, and individual layer thickness on their structural and magnetic properties. Both columnar and monocrystalline 10 nm Pt (111) buffer layers were used in the experiment. Structure of Pt buffer layer determined the roughness of Fe/Pt interfaces and consequently magnetic properties of the multilayers. When multilayers were deposited on columnar Pt buffer layer, we observed increase of Fe/Pt interfaces roughness with increasing number of bilayers to values exceeding the nominal Fe/Pt bilayer thickness in the upper part of the sample volume, which resulted in the increment of coercivity in the sample with n=15 determined from hysteresis loops measured for perpendicular orientation of magnetic field. When Fe/Pt multilayers were deposited on monocrystalline Pt buffer layer, Fe/Pt interfaces were smooth regardless the number of bilayers. All samples, despite of the quality of buffer layer, number of bilayers, and individual layer thickness revealed easy magnetisation axis oriented in the sample plane

Genotoxic and epigenetic mechanisms in arsenic carcinogenicity

Arsenic is a human carcinogen with weak mutagenic properties that induces tumors through mechanisms not yet completely understood. People worldwide are exposed to arsenic-contaminated drinking water, and epidemiological studies showed a high percentage of lung, bladder, liver, and kidney cancer in these populations. Several mechanisms by which arsenical compounds induce tumorigenesis were proposed including genotoxic damage and chromosomal abnormalities. Over the past decade, a growing body of evidence indicated that epigenetic modifications have a role in arsenic-inducing adverse effects on human health. The main epigenetic mechanisms are DNA methylation in gene promoter regions that regulate gene expression, histone tail modifications that regulate the accessibility of transcriptional machinery to genes, and microRNA activity (noncoding RNA able to modulate mRNA translation). The "double capacity" of arsenic to induce mutations and epimutations could be the main cause of arsenic-induced carcinogenesis. The aim of this review is to better clarify the mechanisms of the initiation and/or the promotion of arsenic-induced carcinogenesis in order to understand the best way to perform an early diagnosis and a prompt prevention that is the key point for protecting arsenic-exposed population. Studies on arsenic-exposed population should be designed in order to examine more comprehensively the presence and consequences of these genetic/epigenetic alterations. © 2014 Springer-Verlag