System of edge parallel cracks in contact area of rolling bodies

Записано сингулярні інтегральні рівняння для системи крайових паралельних нерівних нахилених тріщин у пружній півплощині, береги яких контактують без тертя під час переміщення герцівського навантаження вздовж краю півплощини. Запропоновано алгоритм визначення меж ділянок контактування берегів тріщин та коефіцієнтів інтенсивності напружень у їх вершинах. Числові результати отримано для випадку двох паралельних рівних тріщин.The surface (edge) parallel cracks system is one of typical contact fatigue damages of elements of wheel-rail technical pair. So, the important task for estimation of a contact strength and durability of such pair is determination of a stress-strain state or stress intensity factors (SIF) at crack tips under operational conditions. In given investigation the model scheme, where in a two-dimensional case damaged bodies are simulated by elastic halfplane with cuts, and counterbody action by forward unidirectional movement of model contact load along halfplane boundary, has been used for simulation of contact rolling interaction. Other parameters have been chosen according to operational conditions for wheel-rail pair and typical features of damages. Singular integral equations of contact problem of elasticity theory for halfplane with the system of parallel inclined cracks, the faces of which are in contact without friction under action of a moving model load (Hertzian pressure with tangential component) have been constructed. The algorithm (iterative procedure) for finding of opened segments of a cracks faces has been developed. Numerical results for the case of two equal parallel cracks, inclined at angle β = 5π/6 to direction of a tangential contact efforts and, respectively, at angle π –β = 30° to direction of a counterbody movement for different values of a friction coefficient (f = 0.1 and f = 0.3) in a contact between rolling bodies and different relative distances between cracks δ = b/a depending on a contact load position in relation to cracks have been obtained. The maps of cracks faces contacting during a contact load movement along halfplane boundary (change of parameter λ = х0/а) have been constructed and stress intensity factors KI, KII and mixed SIF KIθ have been calculated. It was determined that cracks begin to close mainly from the mouth during contact load movement. The value of ∆KII = maxKII(λ) – minKII(λ) parameter, that controls the fracture by shear mechanism significantly depends on a distance between the cracks and a substantial weakening of rolling body nearsurface area (maximum of ∆KII) is achieved under distance, that commensurable with the contact segment length. Maximum and minimum of KII(λ) are realized if both cracks are contacting along all its length. So, partial opening of cracks has little influence on ∆KII range. The analysis of K I∗θ = max K Iθ (λ , θ ) parameter, that controls the fracture by opening mechanism, showed: when the contact load is directly above the crack(s) not only shear fracture can occur, but fracture by opening can occur too. Generally, the presence of a fully closed crack with contacting faces can significantly influence the SIF of another opened crack. Therefore, this influence can not be neglected

Архітектурне рішення для побудови інтелектуальних інтерфейсів користувача

Traditional visual user interfaces are overloaded and not user friendly due to constant expanding of software functionality. The intelligent user interface (IUI) is an alternative to simplifying computer systems usage and solves a task of an interface personalization. Considering trends and shortcomings of existing solutions the relevant issue is a software concept development based on the "minimum interaction" approach which uses IUI. Either an Artificial Intelligence in the form of the remote Bayesian network or cloud technologies for Bayesian network usage in local software and for updating network knowledge obtained from individual local users or communication between a network and a local software with REST API are proposed as a solution for the issue mentioned. The purpose of the developed software is a creation of a flexible and simplified high-level system for the IUI aspects implementation in other software systems. This goal is implemented in the form of REST API service located on a remote server and designed for Bayesian networks construction. In terms of architecture the interface consists of three main parts: interaction management, knowledge base and authentication center. IUI parts are not located physically on a user device as they operate on a remote server instead. A knowledge base block is divided into two sub-blocks such as personal and general knowledge bases. The personal knowledge base contains all the information about the local user in a form of an object representation. The proposed method is implemented as "Personal Assistant" software type. The Bayesian network architecture with dynamic construction consists of the following three levels: the node level of the root "evidence" which includes the main network nodes that are time, geographical location, day of the week, etc.; the functional node level which displays the nodes of functions used by users; the function specification node level which includes all the additional parameters used in software function executions. The present method can be even more promising when not just bare statistics is taken into account, but other users' specifications at a deeper Artificial Intelligence level are considered as well as possible actions in terms of logic (not just in terms of statistics) are predicted.Розглянуто проблему побудови інтелектуальних інтерфейсів користувача (IUI). Хоча дослідження в галузі IUI проводять із часів перших розробок штучного інтелекту, на сучасному етапі розвитку інженерії програмного забезпечення існує небагато успішних рішень. Проаналізовано найвідоміші приклади реалізації IUI – проекти компанії Microsoft: The Office Assistant та Lumiere Project. Узагальнено недоліки цих реалізацій. Актуальним є розроблення концепції програмного забезпечення на підстаі підходу "мінімальної взаємодії", який охоплює використання інтелектуальних інтерфейсів. Важливою проблемою IUI, яка насамперед потребує вимагає вирішення, є порушення встановлених Usability-принципів для систем із класичним інтерфейсом. Допоміжним методом "пом'якшення" наслідків від порушення принципів до побудови інтерфейсів є чітке розділення адаптивного інтерфейсу і класичного. Як рішення запропоновано використовувати штучний інтелект у вигляді віддалених баєсових мереж; хмарних технологій для використання баєсових мереж у локальному ПЗ наживо та поповнення мережі знаннями, отриманих від окремих локальних користувачів; спілкування між мережею та локальним ПЗ за допомогою API. Метою розробленого програмного продукту є створення гнучкої та спрощеної системи високого рівня для імплементації аспектів IUI в ПЗ інших розробників. Цю мету реалізовано у вигляді REST API сервісу, який знаходиться на віддаленому сервері та призначений для побудови баєсових мереж. Перспективою розвитку представленого методу є врахування інших особливостей користувачів уже на рівні більш глибокого штучного інтелекту і передбачення можливих дій з погляду не тільки статистики, але й логіки

MEALS OF THE BOUNDARIES COMMISSION IN LVIV (1578, 1579, 1581) ON THE EXAMPLE OF A SOURCE - THREE FRAGMENTS FROM THE LVIV WEEKLY-EXPENDITURES BOOKS. TRANSLATION. COMMENTS

In the second half of the 16th century in Lviv were conducted meeting of the Border Commission. The Commission resolved the controversial questions related to the land issue and ordering its boundaries. During its implementation, city delegates and commissioners often stopped for rest and lunch. Meat, fish, bread, various spices and wine were accompanied participants of the Borders Commission during joint meetings, whether at the City Hall or outside it. This and other information is vividly illustrated by a source such as the Lviv weekly-expenditures book for 1572–1582. This source has big information potential. In the Lviv weekly-expenditures books you can find information about the activities of the city authorities (councils and benches of the city of Lviv); the acomplishment of functions by city officials (such as the executioner); routine affairs in the city, etc. This publication provides three fragments of the source of the Boundary Commission meeting for 1578, 1579, 1581. The Boundary Commission of 1578 was held on the eve of the Birthday of John the Baptist (June 24) and lasted from June 20 to June 23, 1578. The source does not provide specific details of the dispute, but it can be assumed that a soil dispute arose between a monastic order of Lviv Dominicans and Bryukhovychi peasants. During the joint lunches and dinners in the suburban tavern in Bryukhovychi, for four days, the commissioners drank three barrels of beer, 22 jugs (85 liters) of Hungarian wine, consumed veal; fish and herrings (most likely eaten on Friday June 22); bread and other dishes cooked for them. In 1579, the Commission resolved the disputed issues between the city and Lviv’s podstoli, Joakim Samp. During its meeting on the second Sunday of Lent in 1579, were present Lviv’s castellans Stanislav Herburth and Lviv starosta Mykola Herburth. Each of them was presented with 8 jugs of Malvasia for greetings. To feed the delegates were purchased variety of fish, bread, spices, vegetables, condiments and 27 jugs of Malvasia. It is interesting that the Commissioners did not consume meat under the Border Commission because it took place during Lent. The Borders Commission, in October 1581, was also involved in resolving the dispute between Joachim Samp and the community of Lviv. The meetings of the Commission were followed by lavish dinners. In particular, to the borders that were checked was bought 2 barrels of beer, two-quarters of meat, 5 chickens, bread, various roots. On Tuesday, October 13, 1581, all the commissioners and guests, including Mykola Herburt, the Lviv starosta and Mykola Meletsky, the Podolsk voivode, and all their servants were gratulated in Sikhiv Korchma. For festive supper was bought two calves, four quarters of meat, 2 barrels of beer, rye and white bread, vegetables, lemons, raisins, sugar, 4 vessels of jam, 35 ½ jugs of wine and 6 jugs of alicakantu

Self-regard in the structure of personality behavioural manifestations

The article focuses on the issue of self-regard connected with behavioural manifestations of personality. By means of comparative, correlation and factorial analysis it is proven that positive self-regard is accompanied by a decreasing level of suicidal risk as well as by creativity growth. Self-acceptance, positive attitude towards oneself ensures a harmonious existence and a high level of personality self-identifi cation. Higher level of self-regard is revealed in younger age categories where it is based on optimistic life prospects and a creative approach to solving life problems. Creativity combined with self-liking becomes a certain ability that helps overcome crisis situations and facilitates removal of personal peculiarities connected with proneness to suicide. Among the creative skills and abilities foregrounded are creative approach, creative imagination and creative intuitio

REPRESENTATIVE SPENDINGS OF THE MAGISTRATE IN 1577-1583. ON THE EXAMPLE OF LVIV WEEKLY-EXPENDITURES BOOKS

The article analyzes the books of Lviv weekly expenditures. The author has found out that during the period 1577–1583 the funds that were spent on gifts, first of all, wine, elite Lviv fish, oriental goods, precious silver and gold products, were allocated from the city treasury. In Lviv the second half of16th century the gift of wine was an integral part of city politics. The author identifies the costs of 1) wine shipped to the Diet and the royal tribunal; 2) wine for greetings of the most respected persons of the Commonwealth during their arrival or passage through the city (king, voivode, bishop, castle); 3) wine for the so-called "own" persons - the voivodship of Ruthenian and Podilsky, the Lviv elder, the Zemstvo and Grodno judges of the Rus' voivodeship; 4) wine for congratulation on the marriage or birth of children of the state's distinguished persons. The gifts played an essential role in maintaining the social and political network of the city, with their help, the city community managed to solve various problems and to maintain their honour and reputation. The author tries to confirm these theses with specific facts. For example, he states that for the period 1577–1583 the books of city expenditures mention three trips of Lviv rays to meetings of the Seimas. The total cost of a trip to Warsaw in December 1579 amounted to 1002 PLN. 8 ½ gr. The author does not exclude the possibility that one of the consequences of the trip could have been the granting of the privilege of Stefan Batory Lviv to levy a tax on lemons and wines brought to the city. During a trip to the Seimas in 1582, 1212 PLN was spent on gifts, travel, wine-making, payment for accommodation for Lviv rays. 12 gr. The trip resulted in the abolition of the toll, which the king and the Diet had set to raise money to continue the war with Muscovy. Based on the analysis of the available information, the author finds that the Lviv rayons maintained close relations with the highest officials of the Commonwealth and other representatives of their interests, and through gifts and representation, influenced the status and status of their city

PHYTOGENETIC FIELD VALUE IN THE FORMATION OF VEGETABLE CONTINUUM OF ROCK GARDEN

Фітогенне поле (ФП), як система біофізичних і біохімічних перетворень середовища життєдіяльності рослин, є рушійною силою у розвитку екологічної сукцесії і формування рослинного континууму скельних садів. Дослідження розвитку рослинного покриву скельних садів виявили роль фітогенного поля у розвитку сингенетичної та ендоекогенетичної сукцесій, які забезпечують формування зовнішнього вигляду цього типу садів. На прикладі однієї із ділянок ботанічного саду Хмельницького національного університету досліджено динаміку розвитку рослинного покриву від висаджених перших рослин на скельній гірці до повного її заростання. Розкрито характер участі моноцентричних і поліцентричних фітогенних полів у формуванні рослинних асоціацій.Фитогенное поле (ФП), как система биофизических и биохимических превращений среды жизнедеятельности растений, является движимой силой в развитии экологической сукцессии и формирования растительного континуума скальных садов. Исследования развития растительного покрова скальных садов показали роль фитогенного поля в развитии сингенетической и эндоэкогенетической сукцессий, которые обеспечивают формирование внешнего вида этого типа садов. На примере одного из участков ботанического сада Хмельницкого национального университета исследована динамика развития растительного покрова, начиная от высаживания первых растений на скальной горке до полного зарастания. Раскрыт характер участия моноцентрических и полицентрических фитогенных полей в формировании растительных ассоциаций.A phytogenetic field (PhF) system as biophysical and biochemical changes of habitat of plants is the driving force in the development of ecological succession and formation of plant continuum of rock garden. In the study of vegetation of rocky gardens we found phytogenetic role in the development field and syngenetic and endoecogenetic succession which ensure the formation of the appearance of this type of gardens. For example, one of the sites of the botanical garden of Khmelnytsky National University revealed the dynamics of the vegetation from planted the first plants on a rocky hill to the full overgrowth. The nature of participation of monocentric and polycentric phytogenetic fields in the formation of plant associations is revealed

The Application of Quest Technologies in Teaching Students of IT Specialties

The quest is analyzed as an innovative learning method that provides the development of creativity, cognitive flexibility, emotional intelligence of a person and meets teamwork that is especially important for IT professionals. The components and stages of quest-technology application are described. It is noted that the quest, in addition to the knowledge gained, gives students an understanding of the processes of group dynamics, behavioral patterns in the system of interpersonal relations. A quest-plan that has been developed can be used as a template for building quests. The example of components of the developed quest for students of the specialty Software Engineering with the specified features of each component is given. The proposed example can be used as a recommendation for constructing quests

THE EVALUATION OF THE ASPECT REORGANIZATION OF PROGRAM CODE ACCORDING TO MAINTENANCE CHARACTERISTIC

Розглянуто проблему складності супроводу програмного забезпечення. Проаналізовано застосування аспектно-орієнтованого програмування для забезпечення якісної характеристики програм – супроводжуваності. Проведено дослідження на прикладі прототипу програмної системи онлайн-банкінг для випадку об'єктно-орієнтованої та аспектно-орієнтованої реалізації. Отримані результати свідчать про підвищення індексу супроводжуваності для випадків локалізації наскрізної функціональності – логування, опрацювання виняткових ситуацій, перевірка прав доступу. Індекс супроводжуваності можна розглядати як вагове оцінювання на основі кількості рядків коду (LOC), цикломатичної складності (CC) та об'єму холстеда (HV). Є потреба у вдосконаленні вагового оцінювання супроводжуваності.Рассмотрена проблема сложности сопровождения программного обеспечения. Проанализировано применение аспектно-ориентированного программирования для обеспечения качественной характеристики программ – сопровождаемость программного обеспечения. Проведено исследование на примере прототипа программной системы онлайн-банкинга для случая объектно-ориентированной и аспектно-ориентированной реализации. Полученные результаты свидетельствуют о повышении индекса сопровождения для случаев локализации сквозной функциональности – логирование, обработка исключительных ситуаций, проверка прав доступа. Индекс сопровождения программного обеспечения можно рассматривать как весовую оценку на основе количества строк кода (LOC), цикломатической сложности (CC) и объема Холстеда (HV). Есть необходимость в совершенствовании весового оценивания поддержки программного обеспечения.The problem of the complexity of the software maintenance is considered. Application of the aspect-oriented programming for providing qualitative characteristics of programs such as maintenance is analysed. Our investigation is based on Online Banking System's prototype (for Object-oriented case and Aspect-oriented implementation). Obtained results assure increasing maintainability index for localization of bi-directional functionality that is logging, processing exceptional cases, and authorization. Maintainability index can be considered as the weighted estimation based on the number lines of code (LOC), cyclomatic complexity (CC) and Halstead complexity measures (HV)

Состояние уличных насаждений центральной части города Хмельницкого

На основі проведених упродовж 2015 р. досліджень вуличних насаджень центральної частини міста Хмельницького вивчено їх видову структуру, яка формується 35 видами та культиварами деревних рослин. Їх поділено на класи за часткою участі у насадженнях, причому переважають види, що трапляються рідко (менше 0,5 %). Встановлено відсутність залежності між довжиною вулиці та кількістю рослин, що на ній зростають. Проведено санітарне оцінювання насаджень і визначено найбільш поширені ураження та хвороби деревних рослин, серед яких омела біла, каштанова мінуюча міль, стовбурова гниль та механічні пошкодження.Species composition which is formed by 35 species and cultivars of woody plants is researched on the basis of studies of outdoor spaces in Khmelnitsky downtown conducted in 2015. They are divided into classes according to their share of participation in the plantations, and are dominated by species that are rare (less than 0.5 %). The relationship between the length of the street and the number of plants growing in it isn't found. Sanitary spaces are evaluated, and the most common lesions and diseases of woody plants, including mistletoe, horse-chestnut leaf miner, stem rot and mechanical damage are determined.На основании проведенных в 2015 г. исследований уличных насаждений центральной части города Хмельницкого изучена их видовая структура, которая формируется 35 видами и культиварами древесных растений. Они разделены на классы по долевому участию в насаждениях, причем преобладают виды, встречающиеся редко (менее 0,5 %). Установлено отсутствие зависимости между длиной улицы и количеством растений, растущих на ней. Проведена санитарная оценка насаждений и определены наиболее распространенные поражения и болезни древесных растений, среди которых омела белая, каштановая минирующая моль, стволовая гниль и механические повреждения

Brief Solution Focused Therapy in Ukraine to Work with People with Emotional, Cognitive and Behavioural Disorders

Aim. To study the way how Brief Solution Focused Therapy (BSFT) tackles emotional, cognitive and behavioural disorders. To provide basic definitions of such disorders and identify major approaches and techniques focusing on Brief Solution Focused Therapy aspects that may be applied in psychotherapeutic works with these people. Methods. Analysis and synthesis of scientific data regarding defining emotional, cognitive and behavioural disorders. Distinguishing basic diagnostic signs of such disorders in clients. Methods of BSFT psychotherapy. Results. The following BSFT techniques proved to be the most effective in the work on emotional disorders: problem-free talk, compliments, resource questions and scaling. These techniques can be called the most emotional ones – the techniques that call for your emotions, replenish your psychological resource, help rebuild your emotional attitude to the situation, look at it from a different angle. BSFT-based psycho-correction and psychotherapy of cognitive impairments and behavioural disorders is longer and more fundamental. Effective techniques are goal setting, resource identification, and also there are special turning points, such as the technique of life analysis, which is a variant of scaling as a method, use of coping questions. Conclusions. BSFT-methods are effective in addressing different disorders – both partial (emotional, behavioural, cognitive) and more complex ones. The fact that BSFT does not focus on the negative emotional conditions, the problem and its causes, enables the depressive clients, grieving clients and clients experiencing loss to relatively fast discover their resources and start building plans, demonstrating how it is possible to optimize the process of overcoming complicated life situations