Intracellular mycoparasites in action: interactions between powdery mildew fungi and Ampelomyces

Pycnidial fungi of the genus Ampelomyces are widespread intracellular mycoparasites of powdery mildew fungi worldwide. Their pycnidia are produced in hyphae, conidiophores and immature ascomata of their mycohosts. Thus, they suppress both the asexual and the sexual reproduction of the invaded powdery mildew mycelia, and then destroy them completely. Conidia of Ampelomyces are released from the intracellular pycnidia by the rupture of the pycnidial wall; conidia then germinate on the host plant surfaces, penetrate the intact hyphae of powdery mildew mycelia found in their vicinity and invade them internally growing from cell to cell through the septal pores of the mycohost. The early stage of mycoparasitism is apparently biotrophic, but the invaded cytoplasm then begins to die and a necrotrophic interaction results. Toxin production has not been detected in Ampelomyces, so it might act directly by invasion and destruction of the host cytoplasm. Experimental data showed that parasitized powdery mildew colonies can continue their growth, but their sporulation is stopped soon after Ampelomyces penetrated their mycelia. It is concluded that these mycoparasites represent a stress factor in the life cycle of their mycohosts but their role in the natural control of powdery mildew infections requires further investigations

The Fourier transform of the non-trivial zeros of the zeta function

The non-trivial zeros of the Riemann zeta function and the prime numbers can be plotted by a modified von Mangoldt function. The series of non-trivial zeta zeros and prime numbers can be given explicitly by superposition of harmonic waves. The Fourier transform of the modified von Mangoldt functions shows interesting connections between the series. The Hilbert-Polya conjecture predicts that the Riemann hypothesis is true, because the zeros of the zeta function correspond to eigenvalues of a positive operator and this idea encouraged to investigate the eigenvalues itself in a series. The Fourier transform computations is verifying the Riemann hypothesis and give evidence for additional conjecture that those zeros and prime numbers arranged in series that lie in the critical 1/2 positive upper half plane and over the positive integers, respectively.Comment: 4 page

Socio-Economic Impacts of the Agricultural Emissions Trading Scheme

Paper removed Feb. 14, 2013 at author's requestAgribusiness, Environmental Economics and Policy, Land Economics/Use,

The effect of climate change on the population of sycamore lace bug (Corythuca ciliata, Say) based on a simulation model with phenological response

Climate change affects on insect populations in many ways: it can cause a shift in geographical spread, abundance, or diversity, it can change the location, the timing and the magnitude of outbreaks of pests and it can define the phenological or even the genetic properties of the species. Long-time investigations of special insect populations, simulation models and scenario studies give us very important information about the response of the insects far away and near to our century. Getting to know the potential responses of insect populations to climate change makes us possible to evaluate the adaptation of pest management alternatives as well as to formulate our future management policy. In this paper we apply two simple models, in order to introduce a complex case study for a Sycamore lace bug population. We test how the model works in case the whether conditions are very different from those in our days. Thus, besides we can understand the processes that happen in present, we can analyze the effects of a possible climate change, as well

Hybrid automata dicretising agents for formal modelling of robots

Some of the fundamental capabilities required by autonomous vehicles and systems for their intelligent decision making are: modelling of the environment and forming data abstractions for symbolic, logic based reasoning. The paper formulates a discrete agent framework that abstracts and controls a hybrid system that is a composition of hybrid automata modelled continuous individual processes. Theoretical foundations are laid down for a class of general model composition agents (MCAs) with an advanced subclass of rational physical agents (RPAs). We define MCAs as the most basic structures for the description of complex autonomous robotic systems. The RPA’s have logic based decision making that is obtained by an extension of the hybrid systems concepts using a set of abstractions. The theory presented helps the creation of robots with reliable performance and safe operation in their environment. The paper emphasizes the abstraction aspects of the overall hybrid system that emerges from parallel composition of sets of RPAs and MCAs

Extraction of kinetic freeze-out properties and effect of resonance decays

We present STAR results from identified particle spectra measured in $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 62.4 GeV Au-Au collisions. Particle production and system dynamics are compared to results at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 200 GeV. We extract kinetic and chemical freeze-out parameters using blast wave model parameterization and statistical model. We discuss the effect of resonance decays on the extracted kinetic freeze-out parameters.Comment: Proceedings of the 21st Winter Workshop on Nuclear Dynamics, Breckenridge, Colorado, February 5-12, 200