Die personifizierte Weisheit vorweltlichen Ursprungs von Hi 28 bis Joh 1. Ein traditionsgeschichtlicher Strang zwischen den Testamenten

On the basis of Job 28, Prov 8,22-31, Sir 24, 1ApcHen 42, and Joh 1, the article traces the conceptual interrelations and transformations of a tradition-historical line between the testaments: the personified wisdom of antemundane origin, whose character, origin, function, an history is depicted and compared according to the text

Epistemic logic without closure

All standard epistemic logics legitimate something akin to the principle of closure, according to which knowledge is closed under competent deductive inference. And yet the principle of closure, particularly in its multiple premise guise, has a somewhat ambivalent status within epistemology. One might think that serious concerns about closure point us away from epistemic logic altogether—away from the very idea that the knowledge relation could be fruitfully treated as a kind of modal operator. This, however, need not be so. The abandonment of closure may yet leave in place plenty of formal structure amenable to systematic logical treatment. In this paper we describe a family of weak epistemic logics in which closure fails, and describe two alternative semantic frameworks in which these logics can be modelled. One of these—which we term plurality semantics—is relatively unfamiliar. We explore under what conditions plurality frames validate certain much-discussed principles of epistemic logic. It turns out that plurality frames can be interpreted in a very natural way in light of one motivation for rejecting closure, adding to the significance of our technical work. The second framework that we employ—neighbourhood semantics—is much better known. But we show that it too can be interpreted in a way that comports with a certain motivation for rejecting closure

Mechanism of Laser-induced Field Emission

We have measured electron energy distribution curves (EDCs) of the laser-induced field emission from a tungsten tip. Field emission from photo-excited nonequilibrium electron distributions were clearly observed, while no enhanced field emission due to optical electric fields appeared up to values of 1.3 V/nm. Thus, we experimentally confirm the emission mechanism. Simulated transient EDCs show that electron dynamics plays a significant role in the laser-induced field emission. The results should be useful to find optimal parameters for defining the temporal and spectral characteristics of electron pulses for many applications based on pulsed field emission.Comment: 4 pages 4 figures 1 table, submitted to Physical Review Letter

Laser-induced Field Emission from Tungsten Tip: Optical Control of Emission Sites and Emission Process

Field-emission patterns from a clean tungsten tip apex induced by femtosecond laser pulses have been investigated. Strongly asymmetric field-emission intensity distributions are observed depending on three parameters: (1) the polarization of the light, (2) the azimuthal and (3) the polar orientation of the tip apex relative to the laser incidence direction. In effect, we have realized an ultrafast pulsed field-emission source with site selectivity of a few tens of nanometers. Simulations of local fields on the tip apex and of electron emission patterns based on photo-excited nonequilibrium electron distributions explain our observations quantitatively. Electron emission processes are found to depend on laser power and tip voltage. At relatively low laser power and high tip voltage, field-emission after two-photon photo-excitation is the dominant process. At relatively low laser power and low tip voltage, photoemission processes are dominant. As the laser power increases, photoemission from the tip shank becomes noticeable.Comment: 12 pages, 12 figures, submitted to Physical Review

A visual network perspective on social interaction and space: using net-map and wennmaker in participatory social-spatial research

Various network paradigm approaches are increasing in significance in the field of social-spatial sciences. In recent times, scholars engaged in research related to spatial features have more frequently grasped and explained social structures and discourses using an analytical network perspective. A relatively young strand of Social Network Analysis (SNA) is Visual Network Research, which uses network maps to gather and analyse social relationships, mostly using participative methods. This article discusses the specific possibilities and challenges that emerge by applying a visual network perspective in social- spatial sciences. Therefore, two different tools for visual data collection are introduced by presenting exemplary case studies that discuss the processes of space constitution. Net-Map is a pen-and-paper tool and is meant to manually draw multiplex networks in cooperation with interview partners or focus groups. By doing so, qualitative and quantitative network data are collected. Additionally, the influence, aims and roles of different actors are evaluated in relation, for example, to spatial scales or resources. The VennMaker tool offers cooperative network reconstruction through computer software. It generates a digital network map, collects quantitative relational and attributive data and provides a simultaneous qualitative triangulation of these data. Finally, the article discusses the advantages and disadvantages of the different tools and suggests a conceptual and methodological combination of Visual Network Research and the relational sociology of space for a richer understanding of social action and space.Die verschiedenen Zugänge der Netzwerkforschung gewinnen in den Raumwissenschaften zunehmend an Bedeutung. In jüngster Zeit nutzen Wissenschaftlerinnen und Wissenschaftler im Rahmen raumbezogener Forschungsarbeiten immer häufiger eine analytische Netzwerkperspektive um soziale Strukturen und Diskurse zu erfassen und zu erklären. Eine relativ junge Ausprägung der Sozialen Netzwerkanalyse (SNA) ist die Visuelle Netzwerkforschung, die mit Hilfe von sogenannten Netzwerkkarten soziale Beziehungen in meist partizipativen Verfahren erhebt und analysiert. Der Beitrag diskutiert die spezifischen Chancen und Herausforderungen dieser visuellen Netzwerkperspektive in der Raumforschung, indem er die Verwendung von Netzwerkarten in zwei unterschiedlichen Erhebungswerkzeugen vorstellt und raumbezogene Fragestellungen an exemplarischen Fallstudien diskutiert. Net-Map ist ein Pen-and-Paper-Instrument und ermöglicht das manuelle Zeichnen von multiplexen Netzwerken zusammen mit Interviewpartnern oder Fokusgruppen. Dabei werden qualitative und quantitative Netzwerkdaten, eine Bewertung des Einflusses, der Ziele und Rollen beispielsweise in Bezug zu Raumskalen oder Ressourcen der Akteure generiert. Die Software VennMaker ist ebenfalls ein Werkzeug zur partizipatorischen Netzwerkrekonstruktion, hier werden die Netzwerke zusammen mit den Interviewpartnern am Computer gezeichnet. Damit kann eine (digitale) Netzwerkkarte erstellt und zeitgleich quantitative relationale und attributive Daten erhoben und kommunikativ mit qualitativen Daten trianguliert werden. Der Beitrag diskutiert anhand der raumbezogenen Anwendungsbeispiele Vor- und Nachteile der beiden Werkzeuge und schlägt eine konzeptionell-methodische Kombination von Visueller Netzwerkforschung und relationaler Soziologie des Raumes vor, um so zu einem tieferen Verständnis des Zusammenhanges von sozialem Handeln und Raum zu gelangen

A fast screening method for the detection of CERA in dried blood spots.

Continuous erythropoietin receptor activator (CERA) is a third-generation erythropoiesis-stimulating agent that was developed for the treatment of anemia. However, misuse of CERA for doping in endurance sports has been reported. Previous studies have shown blood as the matrix of choice for the detection of CERA, due to its high molecular weight. The use of dried blood spots (DBSs) for anti-doping purposes constitutes a complementary approach to the standard urine and venous blood matrices and could facilitate sample collection and increase the number of blood samples available for analysis due to reduced costs of sample collection and transport. Here, we investigated whether CERA could be indirectly detected in extracts of single DBSs using an erythropoietin-specific immunoassay that is capable of providing results within approximately 2 h. Reconstituted DBS samples were prepared from mixtures of red blood cell pellets and serum samples. The samples were collected in a previous clinical study in which six healthy volunteers were injected with a single, 200 μg dose of CERA. Using a commercially available ELISA kit, CERA was detected in the DBSs with a detection window of up to 20 days post-injection. Furthermore, in order to demonstrate the fitness-for-purpose, three authentic doping control serum samples, which were identified as containing CERA, were analyzed by the presented methodological approach on DBS. The testing procedure described here could be used as a fast and cost-effective method for the detection of CERA abuse in sport

Glucocorticoid treatment, immobility, and constipation are associated with nutritional risk

Purpose: The hypothesis of this clinical study was to determine whether glucocorticoid use and immobility were associated with in-hospital nutritional risk. Methods: One hundred and one patients consecutively admitted to the medical wards were enrolled. Current medical conditions, symptoms, medical history, eating and drinking habits, diagnosis, laboratory findings, medications, and anthropometrics were recorded. The Nutrition Risk Score 2002 (NRS-2002) was used as a screening instrument to identify nutritional risk. Results: The results confirmed that glucocorticoid use and immobility are independently associated with nutritional risk determined by the NRS-2002. Constipation could be determined as an additional cofactor independently associated with nutritional risk. Conclusions: Glucocorticoid treatment, immobility, and constipation are associated with nutritional risk in a mixed hospitalized population. The presence of long-time glucocorticoid use, immobility, or constipation should alert the clinician to check for nutritional status, which is an important factor in mortality and morbidit

Optical Control of Field-Emission Sites by Femtosecond Laser Pulses

We have investigated field emission patterns from a clean tungsten tip apex induced by femtosecond laser pulses. Strongly asymmetric modulations of the field emission intensity distributions are observed depending on the polarization of the light and the laser incidence direction relative to the azimuthal orientation of tip apex. In effect, we have realized an ultrafast pulsed field-emission source with site selectivity on the 10 nm scale. Simulations of local fields on the tip apex and of electron emission patterns based on photo-excited nonequilibrium electron distributions explain our observations quantitatively.Comment: 4 pages, submitted to Physical Review Letter

Effect of goal-directed mobilisation intervention compared with standard care on physical activity among medical inpatients: protocol for the GoMob-in randomised controlled trial.

INTRODUCTION Despite the fact that immobilisation is a major contributor to morbidity and mortality, patients hospitalised in general internal medicine (GIM) wards spend up to 50% of time in bed. Previous studies in selected patient populations showed increased mobility after implementation of goal-directed mobilisation (GDM). Due to the study design used so far, the degree of evidence is generally low. The effect of GDM on clinical outcomes and economically relevant indicators in patients hospitalised in GIM wards is currently unknown. This study aims to evaluate a GDM intervention compared to standard care on physical activity (de Morton Mobility Index, DEMMI) in medical inpatients. METHODS AND ANALYSIS GoMob-in is a randomised, controlled, open-label study with blinded outcome assessment. We plan to enrol 160 inpatients with indication for physiotherapy on GIM wards of a tertiary hospital in Bern, Switzerland. Adult patients newly hospitalised on GIM wards will be included in the study. The primary outcome will be the change in the DEMMI score between baseline and 5 days. Secondary outcomes are change of DEMMI (inclusion to hospital discharge), mobilisation time (inclusion to day 5, inclusion to discharge), in-hospital delirium episodes, number of in-hospital falls, length of stay, number of falls within 3 months, number of re-hospitalisations and all-cause mortality within 3 months, change in independence during activities of daily living, concerns of falling, and quality of life within 3 months and destination after 3 months. Patients in the intervention group will be attributed a regularly updated individual mobility goal level made visible for all stakeholders and get a short educational intervention on GDM. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This study has been approved by the responsible Ethics Board (Ethikkommission Bern/2020-02305). Written informed consent will be obtained from participants before study inclusion. Results will be published in open access policy peer-reviewed journals. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT04760392