CONFINED ANIMAL PRODUCTION AND MANURE NUTRIENTS

Using data from the Census of Agriculture on animal inventory and sales, we estimate manure nutrient production on farms with confined livestock. Using reported on-farm production of crops on these same farms, we estimate the nutrient uptake for major field crops and pastureland. This enables us to examine the balance between manure nutrient production and nutrient need measured by crop uptake at a farm level. Examination at alternative spatial scales, shows that 75 percent of counties in the U.S. have farms that produce more manure nutrients than can be assimilated on the farm of production (excess nitrogen).The vast majority of the counties that produce excess nitrogen have adequate land in the county to spread the manure at agronomic rates. Thus, proposed policies that focus on land application have the potential to limit manure nutrient movement to waterways in most areas, if properly managed. However, moving manure to crop farms that formerly had not used manure will increase costs. There were about 5 percent of counties where the manure nitrogen production levels from confined animal production exceeded half the nitrogen assimilative capacity of all the cropland and pastureland in the county. These areas have the greatest need for mechanisms to encourage off-farm solutions to utilize manure as a feedstock for commercial enterprises or central processing.Livestock Production/Industries,

CONFINED ANIMAL PRODUCTION AND MANURE NUTRIENTS

Census of agriculture data were used to estimate manure nutrient production and the capacity of cropland and pastureland to assimilate nutrients. Most farms (78 percent for nitrogen and 69 percent for phosphorus) have adequate land on which it is physically feasible to apply the manure produced onfarm at agronomic rates. (The costs of applying manure at these rates have not been assessed). Even so, manure that is produced on operations that cannot fully apply it to their own land at agronomic rates accounts for 60 percent of the Nation's manure nitrogen and 70 percent of the manure phosphorus. In these cases, most counties with farms that produce "excess" nutrients have adequate crop acres not associated with animal operations, but within the county, on which it is feasible to spread the manure at agronomic rates. However, barriers to moving manure to other farms need to be studied. About 20 percent of the Nation's onfarm excess manure nitrogen is produced in counties that have insufficient cropland for its application at agronomic rates (23 percent for phosphorus). For areas without adequate land, alternatives to local land application-such as energy production-will need to be developed.Manure, nutrients, manure nutrients, animal waste, confined livestock, confined animal feeding operation, CAFO, feedlot beef, dairy cows, swine, poultry, animal unit, manure nitrogen, manure phosphorus, water quality, Livestock Production/Industries,

Dengue in Thailand and Cambodia: An Assessment of the Degree of Underrecognized Disease Burden Based on Reported Cases

Dengue is a major public health problem especially in tropical and subtropical countries of Asia and Latin-America. An effective dengue vaccine is not yet available, but several vaccine candidates are currently being evaluated in clinical trials. Accurate country-level incidence data are crucial to assess the cost-effectiveness of such vaccines and will assist policy-makers in making vaccine introduction decisions. Existing national surveillance systems are often passive and are designed to monitor trends and to detect disease outbreaks. Our analyses of data from prospectively followed cohorts with laboratory confirmation of dengue cases show that, in Thailand and Cambodia, dengue incidence is underrecognized by more than 8-fold. The magnitude of the outpatient burden caused by dengue is not assessed or reflected by the national surveillance data. We estimate that a median of more than 340,000 symptomatic dengue virus infections occurred annually in children less than 15 years of age in Thailand in Cambodia between 2003 and 2007

Teaching Forecasting, Cash Budgeting And Inventory Model, Building Using SBTools

Students, entrepreneurs and small business owners have need to efficiently and effectively develop forecasting, cash budgeting, and inventory building and control models for business planning, whether for classroom or business development purposes. Efficiently being able to create different financial alternatives will not necessarily yield more effective planning results, but does allow for “easier exploration of business options. While no proof’ is at hand to indicate the teaching or learning effectiveness of such exploration, intuitively, additional modeling of the options may lead to more effective decision making. Lotus 1-2-3m, has created an opportunity to develop easy to use templates. A financial template was developed to allow for more efficient modeling of cash budgeting, forecasting and inventory building and control. The computer based instruction aspects of the template involve the potential learning which occurs by shifting the burden of calculation from the planner to the computer. This paper describes the use of SBTools ™ as a computer based instruction tool

Reperfusion Modification with a Simplified Blood Cardioplegia System Compared with Oxygenated Crystalloid Cardioplegia

A simplified system was developed for administration of blood cardioplegia with reperfusion modification. This system utilizes a single pass stainless steel coil to eliminate the need for a separate heat exchanger circuit. This system was compared with an oxygenated crystalloid cardioplegia system which was utilized in a manner which allowed warm blood perfusion of the heart for the last three minutes of the crossclamp interval. Both of these systems were compared with regard to mortality, spontaneous defibrillation, myocardial temperature, blood usage and peak CK-MB levels. In this series of patients, no significant advantage of either system could be identified

CONFINED ANIMAL PRODUCTION AND MANURE NUTRIENTS

Census of agriculture data were used to estimate manure nutrient production and the capacity of cropland and pastureland to assimilate nutrients. Most farms (78 percent for nitrogen and 69 percent for phosphorus) have adequate land on which it is physically feasible to apply the manure produced onfarm at agronomic rates. (The costs of applying manure at these rates have not been assessed). Even so, manure that is produced on operations that cannot fully apply it to their own land at agronomic rates accounts for 60 percent of the Nation's manure nitrogen and 70 percent of the manure phosphorus. In these cases, most counties with farms that produce "excess" nutrients have adequate crop acres not associated with animal operations, but within the county, on which it is feasible to spread the manure at agronomic rates. However, barriers to moving manure to other farms need to be studied. About 20 percent of the Nation's onfarm excess manure nitrogen is produced in counties that have insufficient cropland for its application at agronomic rates (23 percent for phosphorus). For areas without adequate land, alternatives to local land application-such as energy production-will need to be developed

CONFINED ANIMAL PRODUCTION AND MANURE NUTRIENTS

Using data from the Census of Agriculture on animal inventory and sales, we estimate manure nutrient production on farms with confined livestock. Using reported on-farm production of crops on these same farms, we estimate the nutrient uptake for major field crops and pastureland. This enables us to examine the balance between manure nutrient production and nutrient need measured by crop uptake at a farm level. Examination at alternative spatial scales, shows that 75 percent of counties in the U.S. have farms that produce more manure nutrients than can be assimilated on the farm of production (excess nitrogen).The vast majority of the counties that produce excess nitrogen have adequate land in the county to spread the manure at agronomic rates. Thus, proposed policies that focus on land application have the potential to limit manure nutrient movement to waterways in most areas, if properly managed. However, moving manure to crop farms that formerly had not used manure will increase costs. There were about 5 percent of counties where the manure nitrogen production levels from confined animal production exceeded half the nitrogen assimilative capacity of all the cropland and pastureland in the county. These areas have the greatest need for mechanisms to encourage off-farm solutions to utilize manure as a feedstock for commercial enterprises or central processing

Hematologic Derangements of Cardiopulmonary Bypass: A Comparison of Two Perfusion Systems

A major goal of new perfusion equipment is minimal trauma to blood elements. This study compares two perfusion systems, quantifies the change in blood components and generation of microemboli, as well as compares the hospital courses of each perfusion system. Forty-four coronary patients were assigned to either Group S, a silicone rubber membrane (SciMed) and centrifugal pump (Bio-Medicus) (N=19) or Group C (our routine equipment), a microporous polypropylene membrane (COBE CML) and roller pump (COBE)(N=25). The rise in plasma hemoglobin (26±14mg* in Group S and 26±17mg* in Group C), the drop in hematocrit (-15.0±3.9* in GroupS and -14.7±3.8* in Group Cat the second post-op day), and the decrease in platelet count (-152,000±78,000* in Group S and -129,000±52,000* in Group C) were similar in both groups. There was no difference in rise in post-op alveolararterial oxygen gradients or debris generated by each system. 27.7% in Group S required red cell transfusions and only 8% required red cell transfusions in Group C. There was no significant difference in clinical endpoints such as ICU stay, hospital stay and complication rate. We found no advantage to more expensive perfusion devices and no improvement upon the extensive CPB damage to formed blood elements