The Syntax of the Setswana Noun Phrase

This paper describes the structure of the Noun Phrase in Setswana, and specifically addresses the following questions: a) In what ways can the Setswana noun be modified? b) How are constituents within the Noun Phrase (NP) ordered relative to the head noun? c) What is the role of the morphemes that surface after the head noun in NPs modified by possessives, quantifiers and adjectives discussed in this paper? d) What is the structure of the Setswana Noun Phrase? With regards to question (a) we observed that the Setswana NP can be modified by demonstratives, possessives, quantifiers, adjectives and relative clauses and that the morphological form of the modifiers such as the first four is determined by the class of the modified noun. In addition, the formation of modifiers such as possessives, quantifiers, adjectives and relative clauses involves the use of a first positional demonstrative-like morpheme. In answer to questions (b) and (c), we observed that in each of the NPs discussed in this paper, the head noun occurs phrase initially and is immediately followed by the demonstrative-like morpheme which we concluded is a relative marker. This demonstrative-like marker is similar in form to what Cole (1955) refers to as the first positional demonstrative. We further observed that the structure of NPs modified by possessives, quantifiers and adjectives resembles the structure of NPs modified by relative clauses in Setswana with the exception that the predicate in these NPs does not have the relative suffix -ng found in pure relative clauses. We thus propose that Setswana NPs modified by possessives, quantifiers and adjectives are relativized NPs, albeit reduced ones. We proposed a structure of the Setswana NP in which the relative marker is the head of the Complementizer Phrase (CP) and the Inflectional head takes a Predicate Phrase instead of Verb Phrase to accommodate what we referred to in this paper as reduced relatives.Keywords: relative clause, modifiers, demonstratives, morphological form, head nou

Towards a model of teaching practice experience informed by mentoring practices drawn from African indigenous knowledge

The study investigates the interrelationships between teaching practice experience and the training of traditional healers amongst the Batlokwa and Bakwena communities in Madikwe, the North West Province in South Africa. The article uses a participatory and case study approach to determine aspects of convergence and divergence such as content, mode of teaching/training, ways of assessment and final determination of completion of the training. The authors argue that there are areas from which both practices can benefit.Keywords: African Indigenous Knowledge, Teaching practice experience, mentorin

Emergence of High Pathogenicity Avian Influenza Virus H5N1 Clade 2.3.4.4b in Wild Birds and Poultry in Botswana

Numerous outbreaks of high-pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) were reported during 2020–2021. In Africa, H5Nx has been detected in Benin, Burkina Faso, Nigeria, Senegal, Lesotho, Namibia and South Africa in both wild birds and poultry. Botswana reported its first outbreak of HPAI to the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) in 2021. An H5N1 virus was detected in a fish eagle, doves, and chickens. Full genome sequence analysis revealed that the virus belonged to clade 2.3.4.4b and showed high identity within haemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase proteins (NA) for viruses identified across a geographically broad range of locations. The detection of H5N1 in Botswana has important implications for disease management, wild bird conservation, tourism, public health, economic empowerment of vulnerable communities and food security in the region

Consistency requirements in business process modeling: a thorough overview

International audienceThe field of business process modeling has been beset by inter-model consistency problems which are mainly due to the existence of multiple variants of the same business process, for instance when models have been produced by different actors, or through the time by a same (or different) actor(s), as well as the possibility of its modeling from discrete and complementary perspectives (using different lenses). Accordingly, our overall aim in this paper is to provide a thorough overview of consistency requirements in business process modeling, which is strongly needed not only for the sake of a comprehensive investigation of this challenging subject, but also for the sake of empowering significant contributions to it. In order to do so, we opted for a systematic literature review of consistency among business process models as starting point and basis to attain the intended overview and to guide our contributions in this field