Prevalence of Trachoma in Pre-validation Surveillance Surveys in 11 Evaluation Units (Covering 12 Districts) in Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia: Results from 2018−2020

PURPOSE: Interventions to reduce the prevalence of trachoma and transmission of ocular Chlamydia trachomatis have been implemented in Oromia Region, Ethiopia. Following an impact survey in which the trachomatous inflammation—follicular (TF) prevalence in 1–9-year-olds is <5%, a surveillance survey is recommended 2 years later, without additional antibiotic treatment. We report results of surveillance surveys in 11 evaluation units (EUs) covering 12 districts in Oromia Region, to plan whether future interventions are needed. METHOD: We use a two-stage cluster-sampling cross-sectional survey design. In each EU, 26 clusters (villages) were systematically selected with probability proportional to size; from each cluster, 30 households were selected using compact segment sampling. Water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) access was assessed in all selected households. All residents of selected households aged ≥1 year were examined for TF and trachomatous trichiasis (TT) by certified graders. RESULT: Of 31,991 individuals enumerated, 29,230 (91% of) individuals were examined. Eight EUs had an age-adjusted TF prevalence in 1−9-year-olds of ≥5% and seven had a TT prevalence unknown to the health system among adults aged ≥15 years of ≥0.2%. About one-third of visited households had access to an improved water source for drinking, and 5% had access to an improved latrine. CONCLUSION: Despite TF reductions to <5% at impact survey, prevalence recrudesced to ≥5% in all but three of the 11 EUs. Operational research is needed to understand transmission dynamics and epidemiology, in order to optimise elimination strategies in high-transmission settings like these

Prevalence of Trachoma after Implementation of Trachoma Elimination Interventions in Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia: Results of Impact Surveys in 131 Evaluation Units Covering 139 Districts

PURPOSE: To determine the prevalence of trachomatous inflammation—follicular (TF), trachomatous trichiasis (TT), water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) access in 131 evaluation units (EUs) after implementation of trachoma elimination interventions in Oromia Region, Ethiopia. METHODOLOGY: A population-based cross-sectional survey was conducted in each EU using the World Health Organization-recommended two-stage cluster-sampling methodology. Twenty-six clusters, each with a mean of 30 households were enumerated in each EU. All residents aged ≥1 year in selected households were examined for TF and TT. Information on WASH access in surveyed households was also collected through questioning the household head and direct observation. RESULTS: A total of 419,858 individuals were enumerated in 131 EUs, of whom 396,134 (94%) were examined, 54% being female. Age-adjusted EU-level prevalence of TF in children aged 1–9 years ranged from 0.15% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.0–0.4) to 37.5% (95% CI: 31.1–43.7). The TF prevalence was <5% in 73/131 (56%) EUs. The EU-level age- and gender-adjusted prevalence of TT unknown to the health system among people aged ≥15 years ranged from 0.001% (95% CI: 0.00–0.02) to 2.2% (95% CI: 1.1–3.1) with 37/131 (28%) EUs having a prevalence <0.2%. Only 48% of all households surveyed had access to improved water sources for drinking. Approximately 96% of households did not have an improved latrine. CONCLUSION: Oromia is on the path towards elimination of trachoma as a public health problem

Treatment outcomes of tuberculosis patients in nigist Eleni Mohammed general hospital, hosanna, southern nations, nationalities and peoples region, Ethiopia: a five year (June 2009 to August 2014) retrospective study

Abstract Background Tuberculosis remains to be a major public health problem among under developed world due to delay in detection and treatment of patients with active TB. In Ethiopia, tuberculosis has been recognized as a major public health problem for more than fifty years. Objective The main objective of this study was to determine treatment outcomes and associated factors among TB patients attending Nigist Eleni Mohammed General Hospital, Hosanna, SNNPR, Ethiopia. Methods A five years medical records on treatment outcomes of tuberculosis was reviewed by using a retrospective study design. A total of 768 tuberculosis patients’ cards registered in TB unit register from June 2009 to August 2014 were reviewed. Data was coded, cleaned and entered into a computer data base by using EPI Info version 3.5.3 and then analysed by using Spss version 20.0 Descriptive summary values such as frequency and percentage was used to describe the study variable. Moreover, bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis with a confidence level of 95% was performed in order to determine the final predictors of the outcome variable. Association of age, sex, residence, HIV status of the patient and TB type/category was assessed with the TB treatment outcome through bivariate analysis. And residence, TB category and HIV status were found significantly associated with the treatment outcomes in bivariate analysis. Finally, the forward addition model was used for the multivariate analysis, and residence, TB category and HIV status of TB patient were entered into the final model to obtain an adjusted odds ratio (AOR). Result Out of 768 TB patients who were registered at the hospital during the study period, 249 (32.4%) completed the treatment, 84 (10.9%) cured, 11 (1.4%) defaulted, 397 (51.7%) were transferred out to other health facility, 23 (2.9%) died and 4 (0.5%) failed the treatment regimen. In this study, the overall treatment success of TB was 333 (43.3%) as compared to their counterparts, 435 (56.7%). Patients who presented pulmonary TB + ve were more likely to develop risk of poor treatment outcomes as compared to the patients with extra pulmonary TB and pulmonary TB-ve (AOR = 1.915,95% CI;1.213,3.028). The proportion of TB HIV co-infection was16.4%, and HIV + ve TB patients were more likely to develop risk of poor treatment outcomes as compared to their counterparts (AOR = 0.796, 95% CI;0.512,1.236). Conclusion From this study, it was generally observed that the rate of defaulting was very low in the hospital. On the other hand, it was observed that the rate of transfer out of patients from the hospital to other health care facilities was very high during the study period. Furthermore, it was observed that patients who came from urban area were less likely to develop risk of poor treatment outcomes as compared to patients who reside in the rural areas

Magnitude of Malaria and Factors among Febrile Cases in Low Transmission Areas of Hadiya Zone, Ethiopia: A Facility Based Cross Sectional Study.

BACKGROUND:Despite a remarkable decline in morbidity and mortality since the era of malaria roll back strategy, it still poses a huge challenge in Ethiopia in general and in Hadiya Zone in particular. Although, there are data from routine health management information on few indicators, there is scarcity of data showing magnitude of malaria and associated factors including knowledge and practice in the study area. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess magnitude and factors affecting malaria in low transmission areas among febrile cases attending public health facilities in Hadiya Zone, Ethiopia. METHODS:A facility based cross-sectional study was conducted in Hadiya Zone from May 15 to June 15, 2014. Simple random sampling was used to select the health facility while systematic random sampling technique was used to reach febrile patients attending public health facilities. Data were collected by a pre-tested structured questionnaire containing sections of socio demographic risk factors and knowledge and prevention practices of malaria. Data were entered to Epi-Info software version 3.5.4 and exported to SPSS version 16 for descriptive and logistic regression analysis. RESULTS:One hundred six (25.8%) of participating febrile patients attending at sampled health facilities were found to have malaria by microscopy. Of which, P.vivax, P.falciparum and mixed infection accounted for 76(71. 7%), 27 (25.5%) and 3 (2.8%), respectively. History of travel to malaria endemic area, [AOR: 2.59, 95% CI: (1.24, 5.38)], not using bed net, [AOR: 4.67, 95%CI:, (2.11, 10.37)], poor practice related to malaria prevention and control, [AOR: 2.28, (95%CI: (1.10, 4.74)], poor knowledge about malaria, [AOR: 5.09,95%CI: (2.26,11.50)] and estimated distance of stagnant water near to the residence, [AOR: 3.32, (95%CI: (1.13, 9.76)] were significantly associated factors of malaria positivity in the study. CONCLUSION:The present study revealed that malaria is still a major source of morbidity in the study area among febrile illnesses. Poor level of knowledge, poor prevention practices, not using bed net, travel history to endemic areas and residing near stagnant water were associated factors with malaria positivity in the study area. Therefore, implementers, policy makers and stakeholders should strengthen the services provided by the community health development army, health extension service and health facilities services focusing on increasing malaria intervention coverage and mobilization of information, education and communication to increase knowledge about malaria transmission, prevention and control practices

The distribution of source of information and treatment seeking for malaria among respondents in Hadiya zone, Southern Ethiopia, 2014 (n = 411).

<p>The distribution of source of information and treatment seeking for malaria among respondents in Hadiya zone, Southern Ethiopia, 2014 (n = 411).</p

Participants response about malaria related factors among attendants of public health facilities in Hadiya Zone, Southern Ethiopia, 2014 (n = 411).

<p>Participants response about malaria related factors among attendants of public health facilities in Hadiya Zone, Southern Ethiopia, 2014 (n = 411).</p

Knowledge about and reported practice on prevention, control, transmission and treatment seeking behaviors of malaria among febrile attendants of public health facilities in Hadiya Zone, Southern Ethiopia, 2014 (n = 411).

<p>Knowledge about and reported practice on prevention, control, transmission and treatment seeking behaviors of malaria among febrile attendants of public health facilities in Hadiya Zone, Southern Ethiopia, 2014 (n = 411).</p

Malaria and related factors among attendants of public health facilities in Hadiya Zone, Southern Ethiopia, 2014 (n = 411).

<p>Malaria and related factors among attendants of public health facilities in Hadiya Zone, Southern Ethiopia, 2014 (n = 411).</p

Level of practice on malaria prevention among attendants of health facilities in Hadiya zone, Southern Ethiopia, 2014 (n = 411).

<p>Legend: Blue color: expresses “they always practice the specified prevention items”. Red color or: expresses “they sometimes practice the specified prevention items”. Light green color: expresses “they never practice the specified prevention items”.</p

Factors of malaria among attendants of public health facilities of Hadiya Zone, Southern Ethiopia, 2014 (n = 411).

<p>Factors of malaria among attendants of public health facilities of Hadiya Zone, Southern Ethiopia, 2014 (n = 411).</p