In-vitro and In-vivo Determinations of Sun Protection Factors (SPF) of Skin Lotions Containing Mountain Papaya Fruit and Mangosteen Peel Ethanolic Extract

Indonesia is a high sun exposure country. Exposure to ultraviolet (UV) causes various kinds of skin disorders such as erythema, sunburn, aging, and cancer. Mountain papaya fruit (Vasconcellea pubescens A.DC.) and mangosteen peel (Garcinia mangostana L.) contains metabolite compounds that can protect the skin from sunlight because of its antioxidants activity. The purpose of this study to determine whether the combination of the mountain papaya fruit and mangosteen peel extracts in skin lotion can be used as sun protectors through the in-vitro and in-vivo study. The experiment was done by extracting the mountain papaya fruit and mangosteen peel through the maceration method. The extracts were formulated into skin lotion in three different formulas with the ratio of mountain papaya fruit extract: mangosteen peel extract as follows F1(1:1), F2(1:3), and F3(3:1). In vitro test was done by using UV-VIS spectrophotometry to determine the SPF value and in vivo test was used erythema-induced rats by exotera beam light. The result of in vitro test gained a high enough SPF value for all three formulas F1=23,23; F2=21,70 and F3=28,64 and the result of in vivo test showed that all three formulas did not indicate the existence of erythema value.         It can be concluded that three skin lotion formulas containing mountain papaya fruit and mangosteen peel ethanol extract have the effect of sun protection

The Hypolipidemic Effect of Mountain Papaya and Bitter Melon Fruit Ethanolic Extract in Diabetic Rats

Traditional medicine has been developed rapidly throughout the world to treat hyperlipidemia. However, the use of a single compound in hyperlipidemia treatment usually have low efficacy. Therefore, a combination of ingredients is bound to have  more synergistic impact in therapy. This research aimed to examine the hypolipidemic potential of mountain papaya (MPE) and bitter melon fruit ethanolic extract (BME) in alloxan-induced rats. Forty rats divided into eight groups were used in this study. Groups are divided into normal control, negative control, positive control, as well as MPE and BME groups which divided into single doses and three combination doses. Induction of 150 mg/kg alloxan intraperitoneally were performed to generate a model of diabetes and hyperlipidemia. The treatment was carried out for four weeks of the experiment. The single and combination doses of both extracts sufficiently exhibited hypolipidemic activity (p < 0.05). The levels of lipid profiles total such as cholesterol, triacylglycerides, low-density lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein, and very high-density lipoprotein were decreased after MPE and BME administration (p < 0.05). The combination of MPE and BME also has hypolipidemic action equivalent to simvastatin. The single and combined doses of mountain papaya, as well as bitter melon fruit ethanolic extracts, have the potential to improve the biochemical (lipid profile) modifications of alloxan-induced

Phytochemical contents and diuretic activity of ethanolic extract of the red leaf lettuce (Lactuca Sativa l.)

This study was conducted to evaluated of phytochemical content and diuretic activity of the red leaf lettuce. Red leaf lettuce were extracted by cold  maceration method using 70% ethanol for the 3 days and remaceration for 1 days. The phytocemical content  in ethanolic extract were evaluated by  qualitatif method. A total of 25 male rats were divided into 5 groups with CMC Na, a standard drug (furosemide 10 mg/kg), and three different doses (200, 300, and 400 mg/kg) of ethanol extract. Parameters used to determine diuresis activity include first urine latency, urine pH and cumulative urine volume. The ethanolic extract induced diuresis in a dose dependent manner as compared to the negative control. Extracts at doses of 200, 300, and 400 mg/kg produced significant diuresis effects (p&lt;0.05) compared to negative controls with values of diuretic action 1.35; 1.43; and 1.53, respectively. In addition, there was a slightly change in the pH of urine samples of the extract-treated group compared with the negative control. Phytochemicals analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics, and tannins