119 research outputs found
The distribution and re-distribution of income of selfemployed as freelancers and entrepreneurs in Europe
The economic transformations of modern industrial societies have changed the labor markets in terms of
industrial relations and occupational structure. The transformation of the traditional welfare state, the
deregulation of the labor markets, the technological change and the reorganization of industrial structures
influenced strongly the attitude of individuals towards their preferred labor contract. The structural change of the
occupational structure was one of the results of this tendency. In particular the self-employed and freelancers
have been affected and are a driving factor of labor market changings. On the one side the value of autonomy
regarding industrial relations is becoming more important for employees. On the other side employers want to
get rid of social security contributions. As a result the multitudinousness of these professions increased.
The increasing varieties of occupations among the self-employed and freelancers influenced strongly their
income distribution. Recent studies for Germany have shown a great dispersion and a heterogeneous structure of
earnings in particular of freelancers (liberal professions) and self-employed. Though there are a variety of
international income distribution studies, but – as to the best to our knowledge – no study focusing on the selfemployed
and freelancers within the total labor force. In our study we concentrate on the income distribution of
self-employed and freelancers in different European countries. Based on the Luxembourg Income Study (LIS)
we analyze five different European countries and the United States structured by different types of welfare states
according to Esping Anderson. We analyze income distributional aspects, an occupational decomposition à la
Shorrocks, and re-distributional effects of the tax and transfer systems
Receptor fingerprinting the circling ci2 rat mutant: insights into brain asymmetry and motor control
Circling behaviour of the ci2 rat mutant, a model for hyperkinetic movement disorders, is associated with an abnormal asymmetry in striatal dopaminergic activity. Since it is more likely that imbalances in several neurotransmitter systems result in the cascade of neurochemical disturbances underlying disorders involving motor dysfunctions, we measured the densities of 12 neurotransmitter receptors in the basal ganglia and vestibular nuclei of adult circling mutants (ci2/ci2), non-circling littermates (ci2/+) and controls from the background strain (LEW/Ztm). In controls, the left caudate putamen (CPu) contains lower kainate and the left globus pallidus higher AMPA densities than their right counterparts. The medial vestibular nucleus of mutants ipsilateral to the preferred direction of rotation contained higher M2 densities than the contralateral one. ci2/+ animals presented no interhemispheric differences, did not differ behaviourally from controls, but contained lower GABAA densities in the CPu, nucleus accumbens (Acb) and reticular (Rt), ventromedial (VM) and ventral posterolateral (VPL) thalamic nuclei. Mutants contained lower GABAA (CPu, Acb, Rt, VPL) but higher nicotinic (Rt, VM) densities than controls and higher GABAA (CPu, VM) densities than ci2/+ rats. Hyperactivity level of mutants was positively correlated with the adenosine A2A receptor densities in the ipsilateral Acb, but negatively correlated with those of the ipsilateral thalamus. Concluding, ci2/ci2 mutants show alterations in GABAA, cholinergic and A2A receptor densities. Our data add to the hypothesis that motor disorders such as hyperkinesias cannot be explained solely by absolute functional increases or decreases in the dopaminergic system, but are due to imbalances in several neurotransmitter systems
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