Maternal fatigue, parenting self-efficacy, and overreactive discipline during the early childhood years: A test of a mediation model

Fatigue is common among mothers of infants and young children and associated with a range of negative parenting outcomes. Little is understood, however, about the mechanisms by which fatigue may impact on parenting, particularly among mothers beyond 12 months post-partum. This study investigated the relationship between maternal fatigue and overreactive discipline, and whether parenting self-efficacy mediates this relationship. Methods: Participants were 252 Australian mothers of 1-4 years old children. Levels of fatigue, parenting self-efficacy, and overreactive discipline were recorded via a self-report questionnaire. Results: A simple mediation model analysis provided support for the direct effect of fatigue on overreactive discipline, as well as the mediation of this relationship by parenting self-efficacy. Conclusions: These findings suggest fatigue may contribute to overreactive discipline in mothers of young children via two pathways: directly, and indirectly via parenting self-efficacy. Interventions that support mothers to manage fatigue and maintain a sense of parenting self-efficacy while facing ongoing exhaustion may promote the use of more effective and less adverse discipline responses with children

Introducing the open innovation model in Polish biopharmaceutical companies: major drivers and barriers

Innovation is one of the most critical determinants of economic success and one of the most important elements in building a competitive advantage. The COVID-19 pandemic has led to the development of new strategic partnerships, including open innovation alliances, in the biopharmaceutical industry. The adoption of open innovation strategies has been a persistent trend, although these strategies vary onsiderably from one country to another. The lowest level of open cooperation and R&D collaboration in the biopharmaceutical industry can be observed in Central and Eastern Europe, including Poland. The main barriers to, and challenges facing, open innovation cooperation in the Polish biopharma�ceutical sector, however, are not well understood. This study analyses the major drivers of, and barriers to, engaging in open innovation cooperation. A survey was conducted and established that open innovation cooperation and R&D collaboration do not necessarily suffer from a lack of financial resources, but are definitely dependent on such socio-beha�vioural factors as motivation for collaboration, value systems, and trust between partners

Genetic Relationships Among Representatives of Dasypyrum, Secale and Triticum Species Revealed with RAPD and ISSR Markers

In this study the genetic similarity among Dasypyrum, Secale andTriticum species with RAPDs and ISSRs was analyzed. To show a level of similarity between the species, 12 populations of Dasypyrum (11 D. villosum and 1 D. breviaristatum), together with 12 accessions belonging to 3 Secale species and 12 accessions from 4 Triticum species were used. Genetic distances (GD) and bootstrap values were calculated and PCA analysis was conducted to present the relationships among the species. To estimate the genetic structure among and inside genera, as well as population differentiation, gene diversity (He), total genetic variation (Ht) and Wright’s fixation index (Fst) were computed. The highest values were found in Triticum, within which Ht was equal to 0.332±0.023 and Fst was 0.42. It confirmed that the material studied was highly differentiated. Both systems found Dasypyrum more related with Triticum, as compared to Secale. With RAPDs, genetic distance (GD) between Triticum and Dasypyrum was 0.435, respectively 0.460 for Secale vs Dasypyrum. In the case of ISSRs these values were 0.374 and 0.407, respectively. Despite the fact that the difference between the two GD indices was insignificant, one should not exclude the possibility of successful hybridization of Dasypyrum and Secale, especially when using bridge species

Resistance of triticale hybrids with Pm4b and Pm6 genes to powdery mildew

Powdery mildew, caused by Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici, is one of the most important foliar diseases of cereals. Infection by this pathogen on triticale has intensified in Poland in the last few years. In this study we examined resistance to powdery mildew in triticale hybrids possessing resistance genes Pm4b and Pm6 introduced from common wheat. The materials tested were hybrids derived from triticale crosses with common wheat cultivars carrying the desired resistance genes. The presence of the transferred genes was reflected in increased field resistance and shown by the use of molecular markers. The paper discusses the potential introduction of the genes to improve powdery mildew resistance

Breaking The Cycle of Trauma - Koori Parenting What Works For Us

Objective: To develop an understanding of parenting strategies used by Aboriginal Australian parents impacted by colonisation and other forms of adversity to break cycles of trauma within families. Design: “Yarning circles” involving qualitative interviews with six Aboriginal parents were conducted. Parents who identified as having experienced childhood histories of trauma and historical loss were asked about parenting strategies that helped them to break cycles of intergenerational trauma. Interviews were transcribed and independently coded by Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal psychologists who worked for an Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Organisation. Results: Parents identified over 100 strategies associated with parenting and breaking cycles of trauma. Some strategies aligned well with research on the protective effects of safe, stable, nurturing relationships. Other strategies focused upon domains of culture, community, and history, and addressed issues such as family violence, colonisation, and the intergenerational links between trauma and parenting. The strategies were collated into a community resource that could be used by other Aboriginal parents. Conclusion: Parental histories of colonisation and interpersonal and intergenerational trauma can have a significant impact on kinship networks and community environments that Aboriginal parenting practices are embedded within. Parents who identified with having managed to break cycles of trauma reported using a wide range of successful parenting strategies. These strategies serve a diversity of functions, such as parenting approaches that aim to directly influence children’s behaviour and foster wellbeing, manage family and community conflict, and manage parental histories of trauma and trauma responses in ways that mitigate the impact on their children