Avaliação da expressão gênica e do sistema imunológico de suínos após o consumo de leite biofortificado com n-3 e n-6

Dietary supplementation with low ratio of n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) can decrease the risk of many of the chronic disease, the cardiovascular disease, cancer, inflammation, obesity, and autoimmune disease consequently benefiting health. This study aimed to investigate the potential health benefits of supplementing sows\' diets with cows milk biofortified with n-3 or n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, utilizing 8.26, 7.92, and 2.72 n-6/n-3 ratios, and on sow and their offspring. Furthermore, the study placed emphasis on several crucial elements, such as the regulation of gene expression in the liver to control lipolysis, lipogenesis, and the regulation of appetite in the hypothalamus. Also, alterations in the production of immunoglobulins, interleukins, and eicosanoids that influence the immune system were examined. Additionally, changes in the hemolytic activity of the alternative pathway of the complement system were investigated. Another objective of the study was to examine the impact of dietary changes in circulating fatty acids in the organism, colostrum and milk. Sows fed milk biofortified with n-6 and n-3 PUFA had an increased total number of embryos, greater backfat thickness in earlier gestation, altered plasma fatty acids profile, reduced IgG in colostrum, and the piglets had higher concentration of IgA, IgM and TNF-α, with lower IL-10. Sows supplemented with n-6 PUFA compared to n-3, had lower very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) and TNF-α in circulation. Whereas offspring of n-6 versus n-3 supplemented sows had lower IL-10 in circulation and lower levels of SREPB-1 mRNA in plasma. N-6 and n-3, also, enhanced sow backfat thickness from D40 to D107 of gestation, the arachidonic acid (ARA) levels in milk, viability 1 of piglets, and IgA in piglets plasma. The findings provide valuable insights into the potential health benefits of dietary supplementation with biofortified milk in swine, which can be used as a model study for humans, contributing to a better understanding of the relationship between nutrition, gene expression, immune function, and trans-generational effects, potentially leading to improved dietary recommendations and interventions for both human and animal populations.A suplementação dietética com baixa proporção de ácidos graxos poli-insaturados (AGPI) n-6 e n-3 pode diminuir o risco de muitas doenças crônicas, como doenças cardiovasculares, câncer, inflamação, obesidade e doenças autoimunes, beneficiando assim a saúde. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar os possíveis efeitos benéficos para a saúde a partir da suplementação na dieta das porcas com leite de vaca enriquecido com ácidos graxos poliinsaturados n-6 ou n-3, utilizando as proporções n-6/n-3 de 8,26, 7,92 e 2,72, sobre as porcas e seus descendentes. Além disso, o estudo enfatizou vários elementos cruciais, como a regulação da expressão gênica no fígado para controlar a lipólise, a lipogênese e a regulação do apetite no hipotálamo. Além disso, foram examinadas as alterações na produção de imunoglobulinas, interleucinas e eicosanoides que influenciam o sistema imunológico. Além disso, foram investigadas as mudanças na atividade hemolítica da via alternativa do sistema de complemento. Outro objetivo do estudo foi examinar o impacto das mudanças na dieta sobre os ácidos graxos circulantes no organismo, no colostro e no leite. As porcas alimentadas com leite enriquecido com PUFA n-6 e n-3 apresentaram maior número total de embriões, maior espessura de toucinho no início da gestação, perfil de ácidos graxos plasmáticos alterado, redução de IgG no colostro, e os leitões apresentaram maior concentração de IgA, IgM e TNF-α, com menor IL-10. As porcas suplementadas com PUFA n-6, em comparação com n-3, apresentaram menor nível de lipoproteínas de densidade muito baixa (VLDL) e TNF-α na circulação. Por outro lado, a prole de porcas suplementadas com n-6 em comparação com n-3 apresentou menos IL-10 na circulação e níveis mais baixos de mRNA de SREPB-1 no plasma. O n-6 e o n-3 também aumentaram a espessura de toucinho das porcas no D40 a D107 da gestação, os níveis de ácido araquidônico (ARA) no leite, a viabilidade 1 dos leitões e a IgA no plasma dos leitões. As descobertas fornecem informações valiosas sobre os possíveis benefícios para a saúde da suplementação dietética com leite enriquecido em suínos, os quais servem como um modelo de estudo para humanos, contribuindo para uma melhor compreensão da relação entre nutrição, expressão gênica, função imunológica e efeitos transgeracionais, potencialmente levando a melhores recomendações e intervenções dietéticas para populações humanas e animais

Milk obtained from cows fed ω-3 and ω-6 sources and used in the diet of Sus scrofa domesticus as a model for applicability in humans

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos do ômega-3 (ω-3) e do ômega-6 (ω-6) do leite e sua importância na nutrição e saúde humana, sobre as características reprodutivas e produtivas, sobre o hemograma, leucograma e perfil de ácidos graxos (AG) do sangue das matrizes e dos leitões, visando a relação ideal de 1:1 a 5:1 (ω-6/ ω-3). O trabalho foi realizado com 30 matrizes, Large White x Landrace, divididas nos tratamentos controle (TC), leite enriquecido naturalmente com ω-3 (TW3) e leite enriquecido naturalmente com ω-6 (TW6), que receberam esta suplementação desde 34 dias de idade até o desmame dos seus leitões. Foi avaliado o desempenho das matrizes e dos leitões, e colhidas amostras de sangue, colostro e leite, para análises laboratoriais. Os resultados mostraram uma melhora no desempenho das matrizes, associado à fase de desenvolvimento em que se encontravam. Dos 34 aos 190 dias, a concentração absoluta de leucócitos foi maior (P=0,049) para TW3 e TW6, mostrando uma alteração no sistema imune das matrizes. No 1º dia de lactação (D1L) houve uma redução (P<0,05) de ureia e VLDL e aumento (P<0,05) de proteína total e LDL para TC. Para as matrizes de 34 a 190 dias de idade e no D1L, o perfil de AG foi alterado (P<0,05) e para os leitões aos 0 e 14 dias de idade, houve maior (P=0,01) concentração de EPA e menor (P=0,045) proporção de AA/EPA para TW3. Os leitões do TW3 e TW6 apresentaram maior peso médio (P=0,004) em relação a TC, pela possível alteração da razão ω-6/ω-3 no organismo, que ocorreu por meio da suplementação das mães. A conclusão do presente estudo é que o fornecimento do leite enriquecido com uma melhor razão ω-6/ω-3, pode induzir alterações metabólicas, com base nos parâmetros sanguíneos analisados, assim como na produtividade dos leitões, afetando seu peso médio.The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of omega-3 (ω-3) and omega-6 (ω-6) on milk and its importance in nutrition and human health. the reproductive and productive characteristics, on the hemogram, leukogram and fatty acid profile of the blood of the dams and piglets, aiming at the ideal ratio of 1: 1 to 5: 1 (ω-6 / ω-3). The work was performed with 30 matrices, Large White x Landrace, divided in control treatments (TC), milk enriched naturally with ω-3 (TW3) and milk enriched naturally with ω-6 (TW6), which received this supplementation from 34 days to the weaning of their piglets. The performance of the dams and piglets was evaluated, and samples of blood, colostrum and milk were collected for laboratory analysis. The results showed an improvement in the performance of the matrices, associated to the development phase in which they were. From 34 to 190 days, the absolute leukocyte concentration was higher (P = 0.049) for TW3 and TW6, showing a change in the immune system of the matrices. On the 1st day of lactation (D1L) there was a reduction (P <0.05) of urea and VLDL and increase (P <0.05) of total protein and LDL for CT. For the matings of 34 to 190 days of age and in D1L, the fatty acid profile was altered (P <0.05) and for the piglets at 0 and 14 days of age, there was a higher (P = 0.01) concentration of EPA and lower (P = 0.045) ratio of AA / EPA to TW3. The TW3 and TW6 piglets had a higher mean weight (P = 0.004) compared to CT, due to the possible alteration of the ω-6 / ω-3 ratio in the organism, which occurred through the mothers\' supplementation. The conclusion of the present study is that the supply of enriched milk with a better ω-6 / ω-3 ratio may induce metabolic alterations, based on the blood parameters analyzed, as well as the piglet productivity, affecting its average weight

Milk obtained from cows fed ω-3 and ω-6 sources and used in the diet of Sus scrofa domesticus as a model for applicability in humans

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos do ômega-3 (ω-3) e do ômega-6 (ω-6) do leite e sua importância na nutrição e saúde humana, sobre as características reprodutivas e produtivas, sobre o hemograma, leucograma e perfil de ácidos graxos (AG) do sangue das matrizes e dos leitões, visando a relação ideal de 1:1 a 5:1 (ω-6/ ω-3). O trabalho foi realizado com 30 matrizes, Large White x Landrace, divididas nos tratamentos controle (TC), leite enriquecido naturalmente com ω-3 (TW3) e leite enriquecido naturalmente com ω-6 (TW6), que receberam esta suplementação desde 34 dias de idade até o desmame dos seus leitões. Foi avaliado o desempenho das matrizes e dos leitões, e colhidas amostras de sangue, colostro e leite, para análises laboratoriais. Os resultados mostraram uma melhora no desempenho das matrizes, associado à fase de desenvolvimento em que se encontravam. Dos 34 aos 190 dias, a concentração absoluta de leucócitos foi maior (P=0,049) para TW3 e TW6, mostrando uma alteração no sistema imune das matrizes. No 1º dia de lactação (D1L) houve uma redução (P<0,05) de ureia e VLDL e aumento (P<0,05) de proteína total e LDL para TC. Para as matrizes de 34 a 190 dias de idade e no D1L, o perfil de AG foi alterado (P<0,05) e para os leitões aos 0 e 14 dias de idade, houve maior (P=0,01) concentração de EPA e menor (P=0,045) proporção de AA/EPA para TW3. Os leitões do TW3 e TW6 apresentaram maior peso médio (P=0,004) em relação a TC, pela possível alteração da razão ω-6/ω-3 no organismo, que ocorreu por meio da suplementação das mães. A conclusão do presente estudo é que o fornecimento do leite enriquecido com uma melhor razão ω-6/ω-3, pode induzir alterações metabólicas, com base nos parâmetros sanguíneos analisados, assim como na produtividade dos leitões, afetando seu peso médio.The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of omega-3 (ω-3) and omega-6 (ω-6) on milk and its importance in nutrition and human health. the reproductive and productive characteristics, on the hemogram, leukogram and fatty acid profile of the blood of the dams and piglets, aiming at the ideal ratio of 1: 1 to 5: 1 (ω-6 / ω-3). The work was performed with 30 matrices, Large White x Landrace, divided in control treatments (TC), milk enriched naturally with ω-3 (TW3) and milk enriched naturally with ω-6 (TW6), which received this supplementation from 34 days to the weaning of their piglets. The performance of the dams and piglets was evaluated, and samples of blood, colostrum and milk were collected for laboratory analysis. The results showed an improvement in the performance of the matrices, associated to the development phase in which they were. From 34 to 190 days, the absolute leukocyte concentration was higher (P = 0.049) for TW3 and TW6, showing a change in the immune system of the matrices. On the 1st day of lactation (D1L) there was a reduction (P <0.05) of urea and VLDL and increase (P <0.05) of total protein and LDL for CT. For the matings of 34 to 190 days of age and in D1L, the fatty acid profile was altered (P <0.05) and for the piglets at 0 and 14 days of age, there was a higher (P = 0.01) concentration of EPA and lower (P = 0.045) ratio of AA / EPA to TW3. The TW3 and TW6 piglets had a higher mean weight (P = 0.004) compared to CT, due to the possible alteration of the ω-6 / ω-3 ratio in the organism, which occurred through the mothers\' supplementation. The conclusion of the present study is that the supply of enriched milk with a better ω-6 / ω-3 ratio may induce metabolic alterations, based on the blood parameters analyzed, as well as the piglet productivity, affecting its average weight

Effect of cow's milk with different PUFA n-6: n-3 ratios on performance, serum lipid profile, and blood parameters of grower gilts.

The concern with human health has increased the interest in producing foods enriched with polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), directly or naturally, by inclusion in the animals' diet. The positive effects such as antithrombotic, anti-inflammatory, and hypolipidemic have been observed in pigs and rats, used as human models for study. The present study evaluated the effect of cow's milk with different lipid profiles on performance, serum fatty acid profile, biochemical analysis, and a complete blood count of gilts used as a human model. At 34 days, thirty gilts were equally distributed in three treatments. Experimental treatments were milk from cows without the oil supplementation (C), milk from cows fed an enriched diet with linseed oil (n-3), and milk from cows fed an enriched diet with soybean oil (n-6). Milk supplementation was performed until 190 days old, provided once in the morning. The n-3 and n-6 milk reduced the concentration of myristic acid in the blood and increased the leukocytes. Milk enriched with n-3 compared to n-6 reduced the stearic acid. In conclusion, milk with a better PUFA profile can reduce saturated fatty acids in the blood and alter the concentration of cells in the defense system

Maternal Supplementation with Cow’s Milk Naturally Enriched with PUFA Alters the Metabolism of Sows and the Fatty Acid Profile of the Offspring

The study aimed to evaluate the supplementation of gilts with cow’s milk naturally enriched with n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) on reproductive outcomes, and the serum biochemical and FA profile of swine females and their offspring. During 316 days, 30 gilts were distributed into three groups: (1) Control, fed a basal diet + milk from cows without oil; (2) n-3, fed a basal diet + milk from cows fed a diet enriched with linseed oil; (3) n-6, fed a basal diet + milk from cows fed a diet enriched with soybean oil. The gilts receiving the diets containing PUFA had higher serum urea and very-low-density lipoprotein levels and lower serum total protein and low-density lipoprotein levels compared to the Control group. Females supplemented with n-3 presented higher serum palmitic acid and γ-linolenic acid levels than those fed n-6. Piglets from the Control group were heavier at birth than those from females supplemented with enriched milk. The piglets from females receiving enriched milk had 140 g higher body weight from 1 to 21 days old compared to the Control group, and greater average daily weight gain from 7 to 14 days old. The serum eicosapentaenoic acid level of piglets fed n-3 was 69% higher than those fed n-6, which reduced the AA/EPA ratio. Gilts supplemented with PUFA-enriched cow’s milk showed changes in their serum palmitic and γ-linolenic acid levels, in addition to improved performance, EPA concentration and consequently reduced AA/EPA ratio in their piglets, demonstrating beneficial results for their progeny