Sodium groundwater in SE Western Siberia

The paper describes the updated results in the study of the formation conditions of sodium water within SE Western Siberia. The authors identified a classification of the types of sodium water, location conditions and chemical composition

Ground water regimes containing country rock minerals in Southern Kuzbass (case study: Narysk-Ostashkin)

The paper describes the calculation results revealing groundwater in equilibrium to carbonates and aluminosilicate minerals of country rocks in Narysk-Ostashkinsk area. It was proved that groundwater is in nonequilibrium to primary (endogenous) minerals in which they dissolve, however are in equilibrium to clays and carbonates which precipitate in the groundwater. The groundwater composition varies

Chemical elements migration in water-travertin system (Tomsk region, Russia)

To assess the mobility of chemical elements in carbonate, formation processes have calculated the water migration coefficient -Kx and the geochemical mobility coefficient -Kn. The series of geochemical mobility were constructed. The elements that can be deposited and that can be accumulated in water have been distinguished. It is shown that anionic elements - Cl, S, Br, I, U, As, as well as elements such as Na, Mg, Mo, Zr well pass into solution from rocks and remain in the water. Elements such as Ca, Fe, Al, Mn, Si, Ba, Zn, Pb, Co, Hg, Ti, La, Ag, Sn, Cr are most fully deposited in travertines

Trace elements in nature water of the Naryksko-Ostashkinskaya area (Kuzbass, Russia)

This paper presents data on the trace element composition of lake waters, river waters and groundwater in the area of coalbed methane production. The concentration dependences of some components on the mineralization, organic matter and depth are revealed. It is shown that underground waters of coal deposits are most enriched in microelements

Geochemistry of Iron in Organogenic Water of Western Siberia, Russia

AbstractIn the central part of Western Siberia a study of the chemical composition of bog water was conducted. Bog water contains high concentrations of iron and organic matter. By means of thermodynamic methods were calculate the equilibrium of bog water with the major minerals. It was shown, that bog water is in equilibrium with kaolinite, vivianite, α-apatite. Primary aluminium minerals are undersaturated and release iron and other elements, to which a bog water are not at equilibrium and which is dissolve actively

ASSESSMENT OF THE APPLICABILITY OF GEOCHEMICAL GEOTHERMOMETERS FOR FORMATION WATERS OF THE TOMSK REGION

The relevance. When constructing various hydrogeochemical models of basins, accurate data on the temperature of formation waters are required. In the case of thermal waters, where it is difficult to measure temperatures at depth, calculated or empirical expressions – geothermometers – have long been used. For formation waters of sedimentary basins, they are rarely used, since temperatures are lower here, water salinity and pressure are higher. However, even here it is necessary to check the data of deep-seated thermometers, the accuracy of which varies greatly, and, in the absence of data on temperature or the impossibility of measuring it, to reliably calculate them. To do this, it is necessary to select the most suitable geothermometers in these conditions. The main aim: get acquainted with a wide range of geothermometers used, calculate several varieties from the available database of the chemical composition of formation waters in the Tomsk region, compare these calculations with each other and between actually measured data from deep thermometers, identify and justify the most suitable for specific conditions. Objects: formation waters taken during the development of oil fields, mainly waters of Cretaceous and Jurassic deposits, with a depth from near surface conditions to 4,5 km. Methods. When processing the database on the chemical composition of formation waters, basic statistical methods were used; as a result, samples with abnormally high and abnormally low concentrations of components were rejected, as well as those that did not comply with the law of electrical neutrality. The formulas for calculating geothermometers are taken from numerous literary sources. The calculation results were compared with the available data on actually measured temperatures, among themselves, with the depths of water circulation and the geothermal gradient of the region. Results. The types of geothermometers and the conditions for their use were studied in detail according to numerous literary sources. The most suitable in these conditions were selected. As a result, nine different chemical geothermometers were calculated for the first time using the available database of the chemical composition of formation waters in the Tomsk region. It is shown that classical geothermometers (Si, Na-K, Na-K-Ca, K-Mg) do not work in these waters, they do not correlate well with the actually measured data of deep thermometers. Mg-Li and Na-Li geothermometers are recommended, as well as Na-K-Ca geothermometer with Mg correction. These geothermometers filled in the gaps in the database of 650 missing temperatures. It is concluded that it is necessary to further develop geothermometers for formation waters of oil fields, taking into account more modern and accurate data. As a practical result of this work, the possibility of using the obtained temperatures in calculating equilibria in the water-rock system and other calculations is indicated

Geochemical characterization of underground water of the Naryksko-Ostashkinskaya area (Kuzbass)

The relevance of the study is caused by the need to research hydrogeochemistry of the territory because of the planned large-scale production of coalbed methane. The main aim of the research is to study general hydrogeological and hydrogeochemical features of Naryksko-Ostashkinskaya area, conditions of groundwater supply and unloading, to pay special attention to ash value of water chemistry and genesis (using data on the isotopic composition). The methods used in the study: To carry out a complete chemical analysis of water the authors have used traditional methods as well as methods of spectral, atomic absorption analysis, etc. 18O and 2H(D) of water samples were measured by isotope equilibration applying universal system of preparation and introduction of GasBench II gas samples on mass spectrometer DELTA V ADVANTAGE. The results: The chemical and isotopic analyzes have shown that only infiltration water with local supply areas, with different salinity degrees are developed over the area. The active and slow water exchange zones were singled out. Within the first (top) neutral zone fresh CaHCO3 water is developed. Within the area of slow water exchange (including coals) alkaline HCO3Na (soda) water with salinity to 19 g/l is developed. Water salinity grows with depth mainly due to HCO3 - and Na+ ions, rare due to SO4 2- and Cl- ions. In water of a lower part of the slow water exchange the "oxygen shift" is observed due to isotopic exchange with the rock as a result of greater interaction time in the system water-rock

Equilibrium-nonequilibrium state of natural waters in the area of Torey lakes (Eastern Transbaikalia) with leading minerals of host rocks

Актуальность работы связана с вопросами формирования химического состава подземных вод в природных обстановках, решение которых, в рамках рассматриваемой гипотезы о взаимодействии воды с породами, невозможно без понимания степени равновесия вод с минералами вмещающих пород. Особую специфику этой проблеме придает широкое распространение на территории трещиноватых вулканогенных структур и соленых озер, а также засушливый климат. При этом существующие гипотезы выделяют испарительные процессы как ведущий фактор, приводящий к засолению вод, игнорируя все прочие. Между тем для подземных вод это неочевидно. Общая теория взаимодействия в системе вода-порода может раскрыть механизм формирования вод разного состава, выделить разные этапы соленакопления, включая содовый этап, который нельзя объяснить только процессами испарения. Для этого необходимо провести расчеты степени насыщенности вод относительно минералов вмещающих пород. Цель: оценить равновесно-неравновесное состояние природных вод территории с минералами вмещающих пород на разных этапах эволюционного развития, определить возможный набор вторичных минералов на каждом этапе и выделить необходимые гидрогеохимические параметры для их образования. В дальнейшем результаты будут использоваться для изучения механизмов формирования подземных вод. Объекты. На пути формирования химического состава подземные воды проходят несколько этапов своего развития, среди них: атмогенный (атмосферные воды как источник питания), литогенный (при взаимодействии с вмещающими породами) и испарительный (при взаимодействии с озерными водами, подвергающимся испарению). Чтобы проследить всю эволюцию состава, кроме непосредственно подземных вод верхней динамической зоны (родники, колодцы и скважины глубиной до 70 м, всего 69 проб), также были изучены атмосферные (6 проб), речные (9 проб) и озерные (10 проб) воды. Методы. Макрокомпонентный состав воды определялся современными стандартными методами: титриметрическим, потенциометрическим, фотометрическим, атомно-абсорбционной спектрометрией с пламенной атомизацией и пламенной атомно-эмиссионной спектрометрией в ИПРЭК СО РАН, микрокомпонентный - методом ICP-MS в ТПУ. Петрографические и минералогические исследования вмещающих пород проводились при помощи растровой электронной микроскопии в ТГУ. Физико-химическое моделирование равновесий в системе вода-порода рассчитывалось с использованием программного комплекса HydroGeo. Затем результаты расчетов сравнивались с натурными наблюдениями. Результаты. Термодинамические расчеты в системе вода-порода показали, что все природные воды района Торейских озёр от атмосферных осадков до соленых озер неравновесны относительно первичных алюмосиликатов (в особенности базальтов, встреченных на севере района исследований), которые они непрерывно растворяют на всем протяжении этого взаимодействия, и равновесны относительно вторичных минералов, которые они формируют (гиббсит, каолинит, монтмориллониты, различные карбонаты, хлориты, альбит, микроклин, мусковит и др.). Приведены полученные нами при расчетах основные физико-химические параметры (химический состав, рН и соленость воды), контролирующие образование определенного вторичного минерала.The relevance of the work is related to the issues of the groundwater's chemical composition formation in environmental conditions, the solution of which, within the framework of the considered hypothesis of the interaction of water with rocks, is impossible without understanding the stage of water's equilibrium with minerals of host rocks. This problem is particularly specific due to the wide distribution of fissured volcanogenic structures and salt lakes in the territory, as well as the dry climate. At the same time, existing hypotheses single out evaporation processes as the key factor leading to water salinization, ignoring all others. Meanwhile, this is not obvious for groundwater. The general theory of interaction in the water-rock system can reveal the mechanism of water's different composition formation, distinguish different stages of salt accumulation, including the soda stage, which cannot be explained only by evaporation processes. To do this, it is necessary to calculate the degree of water saturation relative to the minerals of the host rocks. The aim of the research is to assess the equilibrium-nonequilibrium state of the natural waters in the territory with minerals of host rocks at different stages of evolutionary development, to determine the possible set of secondary minerals at each stage and to identify necessary hydrogeochemical parameters for their formation. In the future, the results will be used to study the mechanisms of groundwater formation. Objects. During chemical composition formation, groundwater goes through several stages of its development, among them: atmospheric (atmospheric waters as a source of nutrition), lithogenic (when interacting with host rocks) and evaporative (when interacting with lake waters that undergo evaporation). In order to trace the entire evolution of the composition, in addition to the directly groundwater of the upper dynamic zone (springs, wells and boreholes up to 70 m deep, 69 samples in total), atmospheric (6 samples), river (9 samples) and lake (10 samples) waters were also studied. Methods. Water's macrocomponent composition was determined by modern standard methods: titrimetric, potentiometric, photometric, atomic absorption spectrometry with flame atomization and flame atomic emission spectrometry at the INREC SB RAS (Chita), microcomponent - by the ICP-MS method at TPU (Tomsk). Petrographic and mineralogical studies of host rocks were carried out using scanning electron microscopy at TSU (Tomsk). Physico-chemical modeling of equilibria in the water-rock system was calculated using the HydroGeo software package. Then the calculation results were compared with natural observations. Results. Thermodynamic calculations in the water-rock system showed that all natural waters of the Torey Lakes area from atmospheric precipitation to salt lakes are nonequilibrium with respect to primary aluminosilicates (especially basalts, which are found in the north of the study area), which they continuously dissolve throughout this interaction, and are in equilibrium with respect to secondary minerals they form (gibbsite, kaolinite, montmorillonites, various carbonates, chlorites, albite, microcline, muscovite, etc.). The paper introduces the main physicochemical parameters (chemical composition, pH and salinity of water) obtained by the authors in the calculations, which control the formation of a certain secondary mineral