The paper describes the updated results in the study of the formation conditions of sodium water within SE Western Siberia. The authors identified a classification of the types of sodium water, location conditions and chemical composition

Lepokurova, Olesya Evgenyevna

IOP Conference Series : Earth and Environmental Science

O Lepokurova

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IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science

Sodium groundwater in SE Western Siberia

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      Sodium groundwater in SE Western Siberia  O Lepokurova  A.A. Trofimuk Institute of Petroleum Geology and Geophysics Siberian Branch RAS, Tomsk, Russia   National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk, Russia   E-mail: LepokurovaOY@ipgg.sbras.ru   Abstract. The paper describes the updated results in the study of the formation conditions  of sodium water within SE Western Siberia. The authors identified a classification of the types of sodium water, location conditions and chemical composition.  1. Introduction Sodium groundwater are widely found throughout the Earth upper crust. The existence and formation of these groundwater is still the issue of the day. The investigation of specific formation conditions of sodium groundwater in nature, isotope studies and calculations of fossil water- secondary aluminosilicate equilibrium system deduces the possible identification of the sodium accumulation sources and mechanisms. In this case, the most significant sodium groundwater occurrences are being described. This, in its turn, embraces the SE region of Western Siberia. This choice is based on the following factors (1) sodium water is extensive and diverse in this region and (2) influence of the complete water-rock  (aluminosilicate)-gas (methane, carbon dioxide) – organic matter (coal, swamp) system on  formation of water composition can be found in this region, if anywhere.  2. Investigation background Most specialists from different countries associated the formation of sodium water with ion exchange. This recognized fact has been confirmed in numerous publications [1–5]. This proves the fact that the importance of aluminosilicate rocks in the formation of sodium water remains out of view of hydrogeologists, geochemists and geologists, which, in its turn hampers the further development of geochemistry. S.L. Shvartsev [6, 7] proposes to decipher the genesis of sodium water on the basis of the existing concept: water-rock interaction. This concept embraces the experimental data results from different European and American laboratories investigating such aspects as mineral dissolution in various geochemical environments under different temperatures; physico-chemical modeling of different hydrogeochemical processes; and calculations of water-rock system equilibrium [8–18]. However, the most significant aspect of this concept is that it involves the data results of numerous geological and hydrogeological observations. S.L. Shvartsev proved that sodium formation is the natural consequence of water-aluminosilicate interaction and is attributed to a specific evolution phase of this system if water is carbonate saturated. This interaction could be as a result of the equilibrium-nonequilibrium behavior within the system itself: water is not always in equilibrium relative to endogenous minerals which are consequently dissolved and, this provides the continuous evolution of SPGE 2015 IOP PublishingIOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 33 (2016) 012008 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/33/1/012008Content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 licence. Any further distributionof this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI.Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd 1      the water composition; however, in this case, water is in equilibrium to a definite set of secondary minerals.  3. Regional distribution and specific features of chemical, gaseous and isotope composition of sodium groundwater Distribution conditions (Figure 1) and specific composition characteristics of sodium water (Table 1) are discussed below; each region – Western Siberia artesian and Kuznetsk artesian basins are described separately.    Figure 1. General map and cross-sections[19, 20]: 1 – civil division boundary; 2 – investigated area;  3 – cross section line;  4 – distribution area of natrium hydrocarbonate (sodium) water; 5 – regional confining layer; 6 – stratigraphic boundaries; 7 – wells; 8 – faults. Hydrogeologically, S-E region of Western Siberia artesian basin is disclosed. There is no  Cretaceous- Paleogene water confining layer, (figure 1, cross-sections AB) as a result the influence of filtration water was not distinctly observed. The boundary of fresh water can be found at 1.5km. Sodium water can be widely found in Cretaceous continental sedimentary rocks (sandstones and aleurolites). Groundwater intake is from Altai-Sayan Mountain bordering, where sodium water can also be found in subsurface conditions within intrusive rock fractures (mainly granites and  granodiorites). In the Chulim basin sodium water can be found at a depth from several  tens to hundreds of meters (up to 2 m). Maximum distribution area of above-mentioned water is confined to the artesian basin slope, gradually declining in the NW direction, i.e. in  Mid Ob basin.  Unique sodium water can be found in Cretaceous sediments, Illekian suite within Chulim basin at a depth of 600-1300m. The uniqueness of sodium water is that it is rather  fresh (salinity: 0.25–0.6 gr/liter), however, strongly alkaline  (рН 9.1–10.3). Such alkaline water can be found in many regions of the world as it is associated with magmatic rocks. In this case,  such water prevails in Lower Cretaceous continental sedimentary rocks and aleurolites (K1il).Water produced from Chulim wells SPGE 2015 IOP PublishingIOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 33 (2016) 012008 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/33/1/0120082      (1266–1277 m) is therapeutic-table water with high silica content (Н4SiO4 up to  50 mgr/liter) [21] and is labelled as “Omega” (first mineral water produced in Tomsk Oblast). Table 1. Chemical composition of some sodium water types in SE Western Siberia (numerator- allowable concentration; denominator- average, dash- no data), mgr / liter. Parameters Sodium water in Kuznetsk basin;  moderate water exchange [22] Sodium water in Kusnetsk basin;  moderate water exchange in lower zone area  Ter-sian acidulous water  [23] Borisovian nitrate-methane mineralsБ [24] Fresh alkalines in Chulim basin [21 Kolpashev mineral water;  well - 2hrs  Host rocks Permo-Carbonifeous carbonaceous-terrigenous sediments  Cretaceous argillo-arenaceous sediments   Sampling depth,m. 30–1197 538 190–1495 645 370 575 1266–1277 744–760 рН 7.2–9.8 8.2 7.2–10.0 8.5 6.4–6.9 8.2 9.1–10.3 7 9 ∑ ions 436–4627 1364 1499–25139 10276 4054–5809 2875 261–404 815–1111 Oxidability 0.2–7.1 2.5 0.5–19.2 5.0 – 10 1.1–1.6 – НСО3– 258–3289 863 630–15494 6110 3002–3953 2013 73–209 370–568 СО32– (СО2) 0.3–742.8 33.4 8.4–1285 266 (1656–3060) 54 19–82 – Cl– 0.5–248 30.5 21–5494 779 111–192 92 1.5–17.7 106–354 SO42– 0.2–596 28.5 0.2–75 16.5 0.5–14 1.3 2.0–20.4 0–2 5 Ca2+ 1.0–165 34 0.2–60.5 18 235–307 2 0.4–5 6–8 Na+ 44–1200 317 426–7230 2976 732–1054 862 85–99 236–380 Mg2+ 0–77.0 11.6 1.2–79.3 18 50–119 0.6 0.1–2 0–2,4 K+ 0.3–100 6.5 1.0–41 14.8 11–20 1.3 0.3–0.6 2–3 7 SiO2 4 1–42 5 21,5 5 8–44 6 20 1 51 4–117.7 7.7 16.1–31 – N samples 90 35 94 1 13 7 Sodium water distribution thickness in Mid-Ob basin is much less and could extend to full pinching out in regional occurrence areas of Cretaceous-Paleogene water confining layer. В In Kolpashev region in well 2 (Figure 1, cross-section AB)sodium mineral water was  found in Cretaceous sediments of Pokursk suite at the depth of 744–760 m. Low-mineralized water (up to 1.1 gr/liter), weak alkaline (рН 7.9) with high chloride concentration  [11].  This water is used as drinking therapeutic-table water “Siberian Resort.”  SPGE 2015 IOP PublishingIOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 33 (2016) 012008 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/33/1/0120083      Sodium water is significantly developed in Kuznetsk artesian basin under forest-steppe conditions, even at near subsurface conditions. Comparably to above-described basin, the sodium water distribution thickness is continuous throughout the cross-section (figure 1, cross-sections CD) and is 2000 m. [22]. This water is usually found at the depth of 100–200 m. and is confined to the zone of moderate water exchange in Permian carbonaceous-terrigenous sediments. Mineralization ranges from 0.4 to 5gr/liter; рН from 7.2 to 9.8, sometimes high chloride  and sulphate concentration; in gas- predominately methane. Some are used as mineral water. For example, Borisovsksya  therapeutic-table water includes nitrate-methane concentration, analogous to North Caucasian water “Essentuki”,  due to its similar medical treatment properties [24]. Unique sodium water with quite high salinity (up to 25 gr/л\liter)  was discovered  in Nariksko-Ostashkin area, Erunakovsk in 2012–2014. This water was assigned to the lower part of the moderate water exchange zone. Besides the significant mineralization values, this water embraces has heavy isotope composition of water-dissolved carbon (to +30.3‰), which, in its turn, что требует requires further detailed investigation (Table 2). Investigation by positive δ13С in СО2 appeared only in 2000s, i.e. only recently. Such anomaly values δ13С are rare: predominately in pore water of lake and marine bottom sediments (up to 34,9‰), which, in its turn, coordinates  with geochemical reduction conditions (China, Argentina, USA) [25], cold mud volcano methane waters [26] and in coal layers (up to 22%) within the production areas of shale gas and coal-bed methane (USA, Australia) [27–28]. Table 2. Carbon isotope concentration in water dissolved gases and hydrocarbonates from Nariksk-Ostashkinsk area. № samples 13CСН4, ‰ 13CСО2, ‰ δ13СDIC, ‰ (δ13ССО2 – δ13СDIC) 1 -67.3 13.7 25.1 11.4 2 -44.3 17.1 24.6 7.5 3 -51.2 13.3 21.5 8.2 4 -46.9 18.0 26,4 8.4 5 -45.9 -3.2 4.4 7.6 6 -43.3 6.7 14.0 7.3 7 -46.0 22.3 30.3 8.0 8 -53.1 14.6 23.7 9.1 9 -53.0 19.6 28.9 9.3 10 -49.15 12.6 21.2 8.6 11 -46.7 12.7 21.4 8.7 It should be noted that all scientists agree that heavy positive СО2 isotope is biogenic and is always related to alkaline sodium water. Based on the above-discussed facts, the following conclusion was made- groundwater enrichment mechanism by  heavy isotopes 13С is associated with the sodium water formation mechanism. This could be a separate  research topic.   It should be stated that in this region at conditions of significant methane gas distribution carbon dioxide gases can be found in the lower zones (Figure 1, cross-sections CD); especially, in the conjunction zone of Kuznetsk  depression with Kuznetsk  Altai Tersinsk carbonate mineral water fields are confined to the regional fault. Uniqueness of  Tersinsk field is that it can not be attributed to recent volcanism occurrences as  the youngest igneous rocks in Kuznetsk are only Triassic ones. This sodium carbonate water is cold  (Т at head = 12–13 ºС), salinity plus total mineralization                2.0–5.5 gr/liter, slightly acidic (рН 6.2 – 7,0). Comparative analysis of Tersinsk carbonate water composition to Kuznetsk sodium water in the zone of moderate water exchange (which is well-developed throughout the whole area) shows that genetically they are close in proximity. Moreover, obtained value  δ13CНСО3-of carbonated water differs from sodium water in this region. In the, isotope-light carbon dominates which explains the biogenic genesis of СО2 in НСО3 composition. In Tersinsk field mineral water- “heavy” value δ13C (НСО3–) indicates metamorphic genesis, whereas source of СО2 are carbonates buried deep in the earth crust. Thus, carbonated water is sodium water SPGE 2015 IOP PublishingIOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 33 (2016) 012008 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/33/1/0120084      (one and the same thing). In this case, the composition significantly changes due to СО2  ingression from the deepest zones of the earth crust through tectonic dislocations [23].  4. Conclusion In conclusion, sodium water is widely distributed in SE Western Siberia: from ultradispersed (0.2 gr/liter)  to saline (25 gr/liter); from weakly carbonate (рН 6.2) to strongly alkaline  (10.3),with carbon dissolution anomaly (+30.3‰) and ultralight (-30.3‰), high and low organic matter concentrations. The gaseous composition is also rather diverse.; nitrate, carbon dioxide,  methane which are widely distributed in Mesozoic sediments on artesian water  slope and Paleozoic sediments in Kuznetsk intermountain basin at a depth ranging from 100-200 to 2000 m.  Acknowledgments The research was supported by Russian Foundation for Basic Research funding, project No. 14-05-31095 References  [1] Matthess G, Frimmel F H, Hursch P, Schulz H D and Usdowski E 1992 Progress in hydrogeochemistry (Berlin: Springer-Verlag) [2] Kimura K 1992 Ground Water Hydr 32 (1) 5–16 [3] Appelo C A J and Postma D 1994 Geochemistry, groundwater and pollution (Rotterdam: A.A. 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Sodium groundwater in SE Western Siberia

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