Administration of the dehidroepiandrosterone (DHEA) as mediador of the immune response in Young and ageing rats infected with Trypanosoma cruzi submitted to repetitive stress.

A doença de Chagas representa um importante problema para a Saúde Publica na América Latina, onde o tratamento é limitado principalmente na fase crônica. Mesmo controlando a replicação parasitária, a completa eliminação do parasita e a cura da doença não são observadas de forma consistente. A ativação do eixo adrenal-hipotálamo-hipófise possui um papel importante na supressão do sistema imune. Neste trabalho foram observados os efeitos do estresse repetitivo em ratos Wistar infectados com a cepa Y de Trypanosoma cruzi durante as fases aguda e crônica da doença experimental, através da exposição dos animais a vapores de éter por um minuto duas vezes ao dia. O estresse repetitivo provocou aumento do número de parasitas e a administração de DHEA reduziu significantemente a parasitemia durante a fase aguda. A resposta TH-1 foi mais vigorosa em animais submetidos à terapia com DHEA mesmo quando submetidos ao estresse repetitivo. Assim TNF-, IFN-, IL-2, NO e linfoproliferação mostraram concentrações mais elevadas quando comparadas aos animais não submetidos à terapia. A resposta TH-2 nos grupos sem suplementação com DHEA, IL-4 e IL-10 apresentaram valores reduzidos nos animais infectados e estressados submetidos à terapia com DHEA. A concentração de corticosterona mostrou-se elevada para animais estressados e infectados em relação aos animais submetidos a terapia com DHEA. A histopatologia apresentou redução no número de neurônios nas fases aguda e crônica para os animais estressados e infectados, os mesmos apresentaram desorganização tecidual cardíaca com aumento do número de ninhos de amastigotas e moderado processo inflamatório por células mononucleares. Estes resultados sugerem que o estresse repetitivo pode ser considerado como ii fator importante durante o desenvolvimento da doença de Chagas experimental, aumentando sua patogênese através de distúrbios do sistema imune do hospedeiro.Chagas disease represents an important public health problem in Latin American, where the treatment is limited especially to chronic phase, besides the harmful side effects. Although controlling the parasite replication, the complete elimination of the etiologic agent still was not observed. Activation of the hypothalamuspituitaryadrenal axis plays a major role in the suppression of the immune system. We have investigated the effects of repetitive stress on Wistar rats infected with the Y strain of Trypanosoma cruzi during the acute and chronic phases of the experimental disease by the exposure to ether vapor for one minute twice a day. Repetitive stress resulted in an elevated number of circulating parasites and DHEA administration reduced significantly blood parasites during the acute phase. Several immunological parameters were evaluated. TH-1 response was more vigorous in animals submitted to DHEA therapy even those which underwent repetitive stress. So, TNF-, IFN-, IL-2, NO and lymphoproliferation displayed enhanced concentrations as compared to unsupplied animals. The TH-2 immune response in groups without DHEA supplementation, showed reduce values for IL-4 and IL-10 in groups infected and stressed submitted to DHEA therapy. Enhanced corticosterone concentration was a observed for infected and stressed animals. DHEA triggered reduced levels of corticosterone. The histopathology revealed that stressed animals showed a reduction in the number of neurons. Histological sections of heart smears from infected and stressed animals displayed deep tissue disorganization, increased parasite burdens and moderate diffused mononuclear inflammatory process. These results suggest that repetitive stress could be considered an iv important factor during development of experimental Chagas disease, enhancing pathogenesis through disturbance of the hosts immune system

Administration of the dehidroepiandrosterone (DHEA) as mediador of the immune response in Young and ageing rats infected with Trypanosoma cruzi submitted to repetitive stress.

A doença de Chagas representa um importante problema para a Saúde Publica na América Latina, onde o tratamento é limitado principalmente na fase crônica. Mesmo controlando a replicação parasitária, a completa eliminação do parasita e a cura da doença não são observadas de forma consistente. A ativação do eixo adrenal-hipotálamo-hipófise possui um papel importante na supressão do sistema imune. Neste trabalho foram observados os efeitos do estresse repetitivo em ratos Wistar infectados com a cepa Y de Trypanosoma cruzi durante as fases aguda e crônica da doença experimental, através da exposição dos animais a vapores de éter por um minuto duas vezes ao dia. O estresse repetitivo provocou aumento do número de parasitas e a administração de DHEA reduziu significantemente a parasitemia durante a fase aguda. A resposta TH-1 foi mais vigorosa em animais submetidos à terapia com DHEA mesmo quando submetidos ao estresse repetitivo. Assim TNF-, IFN-, IL-2, NO e linfoproliferação mostraram concentrações mais elevadas quando comparadas aos animais não submetidos à terapia. A resposta TH-2 nos grupos sem suplementação com DHEA, IL-4 e IL-10 apresentaram valores reduzidos nos animais infectados e estressados submetidos à terapia com DHEA. A concentração de corticosterona mostrou-se elevada para animais estressados e infectados em relação aos animais submetidos a terapia com DHEA. A histopatologia apresentou redução no número de neurônios nas fases aguda e crônica para os animais estressados e infectados, os mesmos apresentaram desorganização tecidual cardíaca com aumento do número de ninhos de amastigotas e moderado processo inflamatório por células mononucleares. Estes resultados sugerem que o estresse repetitivo pode ser considerado como ii fator importante durante o desenvolvimento da doença de Chagas experimental, aumentando sua patogênese através de distúrbios do sistema imune do hospedeiro.Chagas disease represents an important public health problem in Latin American, where the treatment is limited especially to chronic phase, besides the harmful side effects. Although controlling the parasite replication, the complete elimination of the etiologic agent still was not observed. Activation of the hypothalamuspituitaryadrenal axis plays a major role in the suppression of the immune system. We have investigated the effects of repetitive stress on Wistar rats infected with the Y strain of Trypanosoma cruzi during the acute and chronic phases of the experimental disease by the exposure to ether vapor for one minute twice a day. Repetitive stress resulted in an elevated number of circulating parasites and DHEA administration reduced significantly blood parasites during the acute phase. Several immunological parameters were evaluated. TH-1 response was more vigorous in animals submitted to DHEA therapy even those which underwent repetitive stress. So, TNF-, IFN-, IL-2, NO and lymphoproliferation displayed enhanced concentrations as compared to unsupplied animals. The TH-2 immune response in groups without DHEA supplementation, showed reduce values for IL-4 and IL-10 in groups infected and stressed submitted to DHEA therapy. Enhanced corticosterone concentration was a observed for infected and stressed animals. DHEA triggered reduced levels of corticosterone. The histopathology revealed that stressed animals showed a reduction in the number of neurons. Histological sections of heart smears from infected and stressed animals displayed deep tissue disorganization, increased parasite burdens and moderate diffused mononuclear inflammatory process. These results suggest that repetitive stress could be considered an iv important factor during development of experimental Chagas disease, enhancing pathogenesis through disturbance of the hosts immune system

Trypanosoma cruzi: The effects of zinc supplementation during experimental infection

it is well recognized that zinc is an essential trace element, influencing growth and affecting the development and integrity of the immune system. The use of oligoelements as zinc can be considered a tool in modulating the effectiveness of the immune response. In this work zinc was daily and orally supplied in male Wistar rats infected with the Y strain of Trypanosoma cruzi. Parasiternia was evaluated and a significant reduction on blood parasites was observed. In order to check some immunological parameters peritoneal macrophages were counted revealing higher percentages for zinc supplied group. Consequently enhanced concentrations of IFN-gamma was found and for the first time NO was evaluated in T cruzi infected animals under the influence of zinc therapy, revealing enhanced concentrations when compared to. unsupplied counterparts. We conclude that zinc is able to up-regulate the host`s immune response against parasite replication. (c) 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved

Zinc supplementation increases resistance to experimental infection by Trypanosoma cruzi

It is well recognized that zinc is an essential trace element for all organisms, influencing growth and affecting the development and integrity of the immune system. It is also well known that the protective response against Trypanosoma cruzi depends on both innate and acquired immunity and for the control of the parasite load and host survival, the participation of special cells such natural killer (NK), T and B lymphocytes and macrophages are required. So the aims of this study were to evaluate the effects of zinc supplementation on the host`s immune response infected with T cruzi. Our data point in the direction that zinc supplementation triggered enhanced thymocyte and splenocyte proliferation as compared to unsupplied group of animals. It is also important to emphasize that interleukin-12 (IL-12) participates in the resistance to several intracellular pathogens including T cruzi. Our findings demonstrate an enhanced production of IL-12 during the acute phase of infection in zinc-supplied groups. So we conclude that zinc supplementation leads to an effective host`s immune response by up-modulating the host`s immune response, thus contributing in the reduction of blood parasites and the harmful pathogenic effects of the experimental Chagas` disease. (c) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

Melatonin enhances pro-inflammatory cytokine levels and protects against Chagas disease

Pro-inflammatory and modulatory cytokines have an essential role in host defense against human and murine Trypanosoma cruzi infection. Control of T. cruzi parasitism during the acute phase of infection is considered to be critically dependent on direct macrophage activation by cytokines. Melatonin has been proposed to regulate the immune system by affecting cytokine production in immunocompetent cells, enhancing the production of several T helper (Th)1 cytokines. The aims of this work were to evaluate in rats, the influences of exogenous melatonin treatment on T. cruzi-infected host`s immune responses. With this in mind, several immunological parameters were analyzed, including tumor necrosis factor-alpha, gamma-interferon, interleukin-12, nitric oxide (NO) and macrophage count. The melatonin therapy was provided in one of two different treatment regimens, that is, either beginning 7 days prior to infection or concomitant with the infection. Both treatments triggered an up-regulation of the immune response, with the concomitant treatment being more effective; in this case all cytokines studied, with exception of NO, displayed enhanced concentrations and there was a higher number of peritoneal macrophages, which displayed reduced concentrations under melatonin therapy. We conclude that melatonin plays a pivotal role in up-regulating the Th1 immune response thus controlling parasite replication

Could Cyclophosphamide exert a protective role avoiding esophagic neuron loss in Calomys callosus infected with Trypanosoma cruzi?

The protective role of Cyclophosphamide was studied in this work. Young male Calomys callosus were infected with Trypanosoma cruzi and allowed to age. Cyclophosphamide therapy was administered to animals during acute and late chronic phases of infection. Esophageal neurons were counted, displaying enhanced neuronal loss for the young and treated infected groups. For aged and cyclophosphamide treated animals, a protection was observed through a reduced loss of neurons as compared to the young and infected groups. Enhanced nitric oxide concentrations were observed for young animals as compared to aged counterparts. Splenocyte proliferation was reduced during the acute phase in comparison with those found in the chronic phase. Morphometry of neuronal body displayed a significant reduction concerning the area, perimeter, diameter and volume for aged animals as compared to young groups. These results indicate that the protective effects of cyclophosphamide together with process of neuroplasty of peripheral nervous system could lead to a protection against neuronal loss

Does Cyclophosphamide Play a Protective Role Against Neuronal Loss in Chronic T. cruzi Infection?

In this study, we verified the possible role of cyclophosphamide (CY) in protecting or not against neuronal losses in young and aged male Calomys callosus chronically infected with the MORC-1 strain of Trypanosoma cruzi through numerical quantification of neurons from the myenteric plexus of the colon and quantification of nitric-oxide concentration (NO) during the acute and chronic phase of infection. For this purpose, groups of young C. callosus were infected with the MORC-1 strain of T. cruzi. A group of infected animals received i.p. 0.2 mg/ml genuxal dissolved in distilled water treatment with CY. NO concentration in aged animals displayed reduced levels when compared to those found in young animals. No significant alterations in the number of neurons were observed in young animals, but for aged ones, a protective role of CY in reducing neuron loss was noted, in addition to enhancing the neuronal volume, area, and perimeter. These results suggest that CY administration, depending on the dose and time span, can act as a protective agent against neuronal losses.Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPq

Does orchiectomy enhance the immune-stimulatory effects of melatonin during experimental Chagas' disease?

Melatonin has been reported to play a fundamental role in T-cell immunoregulation. Control of Trypanosome cruzi parasitism during the acute phase of infection is considered to be critically dependent on direct macrophage activation by cytokines. The aim of this work was to evaluate the influence of exogenous melatonin treatment and the influences exerted by sexual hormones during the acute phase of the experimental Chagas' disease in rats. With melatonin treatment, orchiectomized animals (CMOR and IMOR) displayed the highest concentrations of IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha. On the 7th day post-infection, untreated and treated orchiectomized animals (IOR and IMOR) showed an enhanced number of peritoneal macrophages. Nitric oxide levels were also increased in untreated and treated orchiectomized (IOR and IMOR) when compared to the other groups, with or without LPS. Our data suggest that melatonin therapy associated with orchiectomy induced a stimulating effect on the immune response to the parasite. (c) 2012 Published by Elsevier Ltd.CAPESCAPESFAPESPFAPES

Trypanosoma cruzi: Orchiectomy and dehydroepiandrosterone therapy in infected rats

The ability of gonadal hormones to influence and induce diverse immunological functions during the course of a number of parasitic infections has been extensively studied in the latest decades. Dehydroepiandrosterone and its sulfate are the most abundant steroid hormones secreted by the human adrenal cortex and are considered potent immune-activators. The effects of orchiectomy on the course of Trypanosoma cruzi infection in rats, treated and untreated with DHEA were examined, by comparing blood and cardiac parasitism, macrophage numbers, nitric oxide and IFN-gamma levels. Orchiectomy enhanced resistance against infection with elevated numbers of macrophages, enhanced concentrations of NO and IFN-gamma and reduced amastigote burdens in heart when compared to control animals. DHEA replacement exerted a synergistic effect, up-modulating the immune response. Male sex steroids appear to play fundamental role in determining the outcome of disease, through the regulation and modulation of the activity of the immune response. (C) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.CAPE

Immunomodulatory effects of zinc and DHEA on the Th-1 immune response in rats infected with Trypanosoma cruzi

Chagas` disease is considered the sixth most important neglected tropical disease worldwide. Considerable knowledge has been accumulated concerning the role of zinc on cellular immunity. The steroid hormone dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) is also known to modulate the immune system. The aims of this paper were to investigate a possible synchronization of their effects on cytokines and NO production and the resistance to Trypanosoma cruzi during the acute phase of infection. It was found that zinc, DHEA or zinc and DHEA supplementation enhanced the immune response, as evidenced by a significant reduction in parasitemia levels. Zinc and DHEA supplementation exerted additive effects on the immune response by elevation of macrophage counts, and by increasing concentrations of IFN-gamma and NO. (C) 2009 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.CAPE