17 research outputs found
Dark Energy and Inflation from Gravitational Waves
In this seven-part paper, we show that gravitational waves (classical and
quantum) produce the accelerated de Sitter expansion at the start and at the
end of the cosmological evolution of the Universe. In these periods, the
Universe contains no matter fields but contains classical and quantum metric
fluctuations, i.e., it is filled with classical and quantum gravitational
waves. In such evolution of the Universe, dominated by gravitational waves, the
de Sitter state is the exact solution to the self-consistent equations for
classical and quantum gravitational waves and background geometry for the empty
space-time with FLRW metric. In both classical and quantum cases, this solution
is of the instanton origin since it is obtained in the Euclidean space of
imaginary time with the subsequent analytic continuation to real time. The
cosmological acceleration from gravitational waves provides a transparent
physical explanation to the coincidence, threshold and 'old cosmological
constant' paradoxes of dark energy avoiding recourse to the anthropic
principle. The cosmological acceleration from virtual gravitons at the start of
the Universe evolution produces inflation, which is consistent with the
observational data on CMB anisotropy. Section 1 is devoted to cosmological
acceleration from classical gravitational waves. Section 2 is devoted to the
theory of virtual gravitons in the Universe. Section 3 is devoted to
cosmological acceleration from virtual gravitons. Section 4 discusses the
consistency of the theory with observational data on dark energy and inflation.
The discussion of mechanism of acceleration and cosmological scenario are
contained in Sections 5 and 6. Appendix contains the theory of stochastic
nonlinear gravitational waves of arbitrary wavelength and amplitude in an
isotropic Universe.Comment: 51 pages; This paper belongs to the Special Issue "Progress in
Cosmology in the Centenary of the 1917 Einstein Paper", Universe 2017, 3(4),
72; With the permission of the journal "Universe
Quantum gravity in Heisenberg representation and self-consistent theory of gravitons in macroscopic spacetime
The first mathematically consistent exact equations of quantum gravity in the
Heisenberg representation and Hamilton gauge are obtained. It is shown that the
path integral over the canonical variables in the Hamilton gauge is
mathematically equivalent to the operator equations of quantum theory of
gravity with canonical rules of quantization of the gravitational and ghost
fields. In its operator formulation, the theory can be used to calculate the
graviton S-matrix as well as to describe the quantum evolution of macroscopic
system of gravitons in the non-stationary Universe or in the vicinity of
relativistic objects. In the S-matrix case, the standard results are obtained.
For problems of the second type, the original Heisenberg equations of quantum
gravity are converted to a self-consistent system of equations for the metric
of the macroscopic spacetime and Heisenberg operators of quantum fields. It is
shown that conditions of the compatibility and internal consistency of this
system of equations are performed without restrictions on the amplitude and
wavelength of gravitons and ghosts. The status of ghost fields in the various
formulations of quantum theory of gravity is discussed.Comment: 15 pages; v2: Expanded explanation of the reasons why the vast
majority of papers on the quantum theory of gravitons published in 1977-2008
is erroneou
The Oort cloud
Views of the large-scale structure of the solar system, consisting of the Sun, the nine planets and their satellites, changed when Oort demonstrated that a gigantic cloud of comets (the Oort cloud) is located on the periphery of the solar system. The following subject areas are covered: (1) the Oort cloud's mass; (2) Hill's cloud mass; (3) angular momentum distribution in the solar system; and (4) the cometary cloud around other stars
Cosmological Acceleration from Virtual Gravitons
Intrinsic properties of the space itself and quantum fluctuations of its
geometry are sufficient to provide a mechanism for the acceleration of
cosmological expansion (dark energy effect). Applying
Bogoliubov-Born-Green-Kirkwood-Yvon hierarchy approach to self-consistent
equations of one-loop quantum gravity, we found exact solutions that yield
acceleration. The permanent creation and annihilation of virtual gravitons is
not in exact balance because of the expansion of the Universe. The excess
energy comes from the spontaneous process of graviton creation and is trapped
by the background. It provides the macroscopic quantum effect of cosmic
acceleration.Comment: 6 pages, REVTeX
Dark energy from instantons
We show that in imaginary time quantum metric fluctuations of empty space
form a self-consistent de Sitter gravitational instanton that can be thought of
as describing tunneling from "nothing" into de Sitter space of real time (no
cosmological constant or scalar fields are needed). For the first time, this
mechanism is activated to give birth to a flat inflationary Universe. For the
second time, it is turned on to complete the cosmological evolution after the
energy density of matter drops below the threshold (the energy density of
instantons). A cosmological expansion with dark energy takes over after the
scale factor exceeds this threshold, which marks the birth of dark energy at a
redshift and provides a possible solution to the "coincidence
problem". The number of gravitons which tunneled into the Universe must be of
the order of to create the observed value of the Hubble constant.
This number has nothing to do with vacuum energy, which is a possible solution
to the "old cosmological constant problem". The emptying Universe should
possibly complete its evolution by tunneling back to "nothing". After that, the
entire scenario is repeated, and it can happen endlessly.Comment: 11 two-column pages, 1 figure, V2 is updated pre-publication version.
The title is changed. Section 4 (Birth of Dark Energy) is extended. Misprints
are fixe