A Deep Chandra Observation of the Distant Galaxy Cluster MS1137.5+6625

We present results from a deep Chandra observation of MS1137.5+66, a distant (z=0.783) and massive cluster of galaxies. Only a few similarly massive clusters are currently known at such high redshifts; accordingly, this observation provides much-needed information on the dynamical state of these rare systems. The cluster appears both regular and symmetric in the X-ray image. However, our analysis of the spectral and spatial X-ray data in conjunction with interferometric Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect data and published deep optical imaging suggests the cluster has a fairly complex structure. The angular diameter distance we calculate from the Chandra and Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect data assuming an isothermal, spherically symmetric cluster implies a low value for the Hubble constant for which we explore possible explanations.Comment: 16 pages, 6 figures, submitted to Ap

Overcoming the dissolution rate, gastrointestinal permeability and oral bioavailability of glimepiride and simvastatin co-delivered in the form of nanosuspension and solid self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system: A comparative study

© 2020 Elsevier B.V. Simvastatin (SIM) and glimepiride (GLM) were co-formulated into nanosuspensions and self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems (SNEDDS) to improve their dissolution rate and oral bioavailability. Nanosuspension was prepared by liquid anti-solvent precipitation method, involving supersaturation of a solution by mixing the drug solution in an antisolvent. Liquid SNEDDS were prepared by loading drugs into an isotropic mixture of Capmul MCM, Labrafil M1944CS, Tween-80 and Transcutol P. Both formulations were solidified using spray drying. Enhancement in dissolution rate by 6.4 folds and 4.45 folds was observed for GLM and SIM respectively by preparing their nano-formulations. Drugs’ permeability was also enhanced by loading them into nano-formulations. The pharmacokinetic studies were conducted on rats which revealed increase in oral bioavailability by 6.69- and 4.22-folds for GLM and 1.76- and 2.68-folds for SIM respectively for nanosuspension and solid SNEDDS than their unprocessed forms. Both dissolution rate and oral bioavailability of SIM and GLM got significantly improved through S-SNEDDS and nanosuspension. However, performance of nanosuspension was found better than SNEDDS in terms of dissolution rate and oral bioavailability