Social Competence in Children of Alcoholic Parents Over Time.

In the current study, the authors tested the hypothesis that children of alcoholic parents (COAs) show deficits in social competence that begin in early childhood and escalate through middle adolescence. Teachers, parents, and children reported on the social competence of COAs and matched controls in a community sample assessed from ages 6 to 15. Hierarchical linear growth models revealed different patterns of change in social competence across development as a function of the reporter of various indicators of competence. Moreover, female COAs showed deficits in social competence in early childhood that receded in adolescence and that varied across subtypes of parent alcoholism. Implications of these findings for understanding the development of social competence in children, and at-risk children in particular, are discussed

Really Underage Drinkers: Alcohol Use Among Elementary Students

Despite the current societal concern with underage drinking, little attention has been paid to alcohol use within the preadolescent population. This article presents the proceedings of a symposium held at the 2003 Research Society on Alcoholism meeting in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, that was organized and chaired by John E. Donovan. The intent of the symposium was to kick start research on alcohol use among elementary school children by reviewing what is known regarding drinking in childhood. Presentations included (1) The Epidemiology of Children's Alcohol Use, by John E. Donovan; (2) The Validity of Children's Self-Reports of Alcohol Use, by Sharon L. Leech; (3) Predicting Onset of Drinking From Behavior at Three Years of Age: Influence of Early Child Expectancies and Parental Alcohol Involvement Upon Early First Use, by Robert A. Zucker; and (4) Parent, Peer, and Child Risk Factors for Alcohol Use in Two Cohorts of Elementary School Children, by Carol J. Loveland-Cherry. Presentations indicated the need for better nationwide surveillance of children's experience with alcohol; suggested that children's reports of their use of alcohol tend to be reliable and valid; supported children's alcohol use schemas and parental drinking and alcoholism at child age three as independent predictors of early onset drinking; and showed that onset of drinking before fourth or fifth grade, peer pressure, and parental norms and monitoring predict elementary student alcohol use and misuse.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/65944/1/01.ALC.0000113922.77569.4E.pd

Temperament Pathways to Childhood Disruptive Behavior and Adolescent Substance Abuse: Testing a Cascade Model

Abstract Temperament traits may increase risk for developmental psychopathology like Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and disruptive behaviors during childhood, as well as predisposing to substance abuse during adolescence. In the current study, a cascade model of trait pathways to adolescent substance abuse was examined. Component hypotheses were that (a) maladaptive traits would increase risk for inattention/hyperactivity, (b) inattention/hyperactivity would increase risk for disruptive behaviors, and (c) disruptive behaviors would lead to adolescent substance abuse. Participants were 674 children (486 boys) from 321 families in an ongoing, longitudinal high risk study that began when children were 3 years old. Temperament traits assessed were reactive control, resiliency, and negative emotionality, using examiner ratings on the California Q-Sort. Parent, teacher, and self ratings of inattention/hyperactivity, disruptive behaviors, and substance abuse were also obtained. Low levels of childhood reactive control, but not resiliency or negative emotionality, were associated with adolescent substance abuse, mediated by disruptive behaviors. Using a cascade model, family risk for substance abuse was partially mediated by reactive control, inattention/hyperactivity, and disruptive behavior. Some, but not all, temperament traits in childhood were related to adolescent substance abuse; these effects were mediated via inattentive/hyperactive and disruptive behaviors.This work was supported by NIAAA grant R01-AA12217 to Robert Zucker and Joel Nigg, NIAAA grant R37-AA07065 to Robert Zucker and Hiram Fitzgerald, and NIMH grant R01-MH59105 to Joel Nigg. Martel was supported by 1 F31 MH075533-01A2.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/64507/1/#167, Martel 2009, Temperament path to disruptive behav and sub abuse JACP.pd

Correspondence Between Perceived Pubertal Development and Hormone Levels in 9-10 Year-Olds From the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study.

Aim: To examine individual variability between perceived physical features and hormones of pubertal maturation in 9-10-year-old children as a function of sociodemographic characteristics. Methods: Cross-sectional metrics of puberty were utilized from the baseline assessment of the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study—a multi-site sample of 9–10 year-olds (n = 11,875)—and included perceived physical features via the pubertal development scale (PDS) and child salivary hormone levels (dehydroepiandrosterone and testosterone in all, and estradiol in females). Multi-level models examined the relationships among sociodemographic measures, physical features, and hormone levels. A group factor analysis (GFA) was implemented to extract latent variables of pubertal maturation that integrated both measures of perceived physical features and hormone levels. Results: PDS summary scores indicated more males (70%) than females (31%) were prepubertal. Perceived physical features and hormone levels were significantly associated with child\u27s weight status and income, such that more mature scores were observed among children that were overweight/obese or from households with low-income. Results from the GFA identified two latent factors that described individual differences in pubertal maturation among both females and males, with factor 1 driven by higher hormone levels, and factor 2 driven by perceived physical maturation. The correspondence between latent factor 1 scores (hormones) and latent factor 2 scores (perceived physical maturation) revealed synchronous and asynchronous relationships between hormones and concomitant physical features in this large young adolescent sample. Conclusions: Sociodemographic measures were associated with both objective hormone and self-report physical measures of pubertal maturation in a large, diverse sample of 9-10 year-olds. The latent variables of pubertal maturation described a complex interplay between perceived physical changes and hormone levels that hallmark sexual maturation, which future studies can examine in relation to trajectories of brain maturation, risk/resilience to substance use, and other mental health outcomes

Boys, Early Risk Factors For Alcohol Problems, And The Development Of The Self: An Interconnected Matrix

Alcohol‐use disorders are a major public health issue worldwide. Although drinking and problematic alcohol use usually begins during adolescence, developmental origins of the disorder can be traced back to infancy and early childhood. Identification of early risk factors is essential to understanding developmental origins. Using data from the Michigan Longitudinal Study, an ongoing, prospective, high‐risk family study, this article summarizes findings of family context and functioning of both children and parents. We draw attention to the development of the self, an understudied aspect of very young children being reared in alcoholic families that exacerbates exposure to high childhood adverse experiences. We also provide evidence demonstrating that young boys are embedded in a dynamic system of genes, epigenetic processes, brain organization, family dynamics, peers, community, and culture that strengthens risky developmental pathways if nothing is done to intervene during infancy and early childhood.RESUMENLos Trastornos por el Uso de Alcohol (AUD) son un asunto de salud pública de extrema importancia en todo el mundo. A pesar de que el consumo y uso problemático del alcohol usualmente comienza durante la adolescencia, los orígenes de desarrollo del trastorno pueden ser rastreados en la infancia y la temprana niñez. La identificación de tempranos factores de riesgo es esencial para comprender los orígenes del desarrollo. Usando información del Estudio Longitudinal de Michigan, un estudio de familia de alto riesgo, en proceso y de prospecto, este artículo resume los resultados del contexto familiar y funcionamiento tanto de los niños como los progenitores. Llamamos la atención al desarrollo del yo interno, un aspecto poco estudiado de niños muy pequeños que son criados en familias de alcohólicos lo cual agrava el estar expuesto a altamente adversas experiencias de niñez. También proveemos evidencia que demuestra que los pequeños varones se encuentran metidos en un sistema dinámico de genes, procesos epigenéticos, organización cerebral, dinámicas de familia, compañeros, comunidad y cultura que refuerza las rutas riesgosas de desarrollo si no se hace nada para intervenir durante la infancia y la temprana niñez.RÉSUMÉLes Troubles de l’Usage d’Alcool (TUAL) constituent un problème majeur de santé public dans le monde entier. Bien que le fait de boire et l’utilisation problématique de l’alcool commence d’habitude durant l’adolescence, les origines développementales de ce trouble peuvent être retracées à la petite enfance et au bas âge. L’identification de facteurs de risque précoce est essentielle à la compréhension des origines développementales. Utilisant des données de l’Etude Longitudinale du Michigan, une étude prospective et continue sur les familles à haut risque, cet article résume les résultats de contexte familial et du fonctionnement d’à la fois les enfants et les parents. Nous attirons l’attention sur le développement du self, un aspect peu étudié de très jeunes enfants grandissant dans des familles alcooliques qui exacerbe l’exposition à des expériences adverses durant la haute enfance. Nous présentons également des preuves démontrant que les jeunes garçons sont ancrés dans un système dynamique de gènes, de processus épigénétiques, d’organisation du cerveau, de dynamiques familiales, pairs, communauté et culture qui renforce les chemins développementaux risqués si rien n’est fait pour intervenir durant la très petite enfance et la petite enfance.ZUSAMMENFASSUNGAlkoholgebrauchsstörungen (Alcohol Use Disorders, AUDs) sind ein zentrales weltweites öffentliches Gesundheitsproblem. Obwohl das Trinken und der problematische Alkoholkonsum gewöhnlich während der Adoleszenz beginnen, können die Entwicklungsursprünge der Erkrankung bis in die frühe Kindheit und das Säuglingsalter zurückverfolgt werden. Die Identifizierung früher Risikofaktoren ist für das Verständnis der Entwicklungsursprünge entscheidend. Unter der Verwendung von Daten aus der „Michigan Longitudinal Study“, einer laufenden, prospektiven Studie mit Hochrisiko‐Familien, fasst dieser Artikel die Ergebnisse des Familienkontextes und des Funktionierens der Kinder und Eltern zusammen. Wir lenken die Aufmerksamkeit auf die Entwicklung des Selbst, einen von der Wissenschaft vernachlässigten Aspekt bei Kleinkindern, die in Familien mit Alkoholproblematik aufgezogen und nachteiligen Erfahrungen in der Kindheit verstärkt ausgesetzt werden. Wir zeigen auch, dass Jungen im Kleinkindalter in ein dynamisches System von Genen, epigenetischen Prozessen, Hirnorganisation, Familiendynamik, Gleichaltrigen, Gemeinschaft und Kultur eingebettet sind, die risikoreiche Entwicklungspfade stärken, wenn nichts unternommen wird, um im Kleinkindalter und in der frühen Kindheit zu intervenieren.抄録アルコール使用障害 Alcohol Use Disorders (AUDs) は、世界中で主要な公衆衛生の論点である。飲酒と問題あるアルコールの使用は思春期に始まるとはいえ、障害の発達的起源は乳児期と早期児童期までさかのぼることができる。早期のリスク要因の同定は、発達的起源を理解する上で必須である。現在進行中の、前向きの、ハイリスク家族研究であるミシガン縦断研究のデータを用いて、この論文では、子どもと親両者の家族のコンテクストと機能についての所見を要約する。私たちは、子ども時代の高度に有害な経験への暴露を悪化させる、アルコール家族の中で育てられた非常に幼い子どもについて、今まであまり研究されてこなかった側面である、自己の発達に注意を向ける。私たちはまた、幼い男児が、遺伝子、エピジェネティックな過程、脳の組織化、家族力動、同胞、コミュニティ、そして文化に組み込まれていることを示す根拠も提供する。それは、もし乳児期と早期児童期に介入が何もなされなければ、リスクのある発達経路を強化する。摘要酒精使用障礙 (Alcohol Use Disorders, AUD) 是全球主要的公共衛生問題。雖然飲酒和有問題的酒精使用通常在青春期開始, 但是疾病的發展起源可以追溯到嬰兒期和兒童早期。識別早期風險因素對理解發展起源尤其重要。本文使用密歇根州縱向研究的數據, 一個持續的丶前瞻性的丶高風險的家庭研究, 概述親子家庭環境和功能。我們提請注意自我的發展, 在酒精問題家庭養育非常年輕的孩子, 會加劇兒童暴露於不良經歷。我們還提供證據表明, 如果沒有在嬰兒期和幼兒期做任何干預, 年輕男孩將嵌入基因丶表觀遺傳過程丶大腦組織丶家庭動力學丶同輩丶社區及文化的動態系統, 加強風險發展途徑

Behavioral Outcomes among Children of Alcoholics During the Early and Middle Childhood Years: Familial Subtype Variations

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/65440/1/j.1530-0277.1998.tb05904.x.pd

Parent, Family, and Neighborhood Effects on the Development of Child Substance Use and Other Psychopathology from Preschool to the Start of Adulthood

Abstract Objective: We examined the long-term effects of childhood familial and neighborhood risk on adolescent substance use and psychiatric symptomatology. Method: This study used data from an ongoing two-decade long study that recruited alcoholic and neighborhood control families through fathers’ drunk driving records and door-to-door canvassing in a four county area. The sample included 220 male, initially 3-5 year old children of the participant families, who received in-home assessments at baseline and thereafter at three-year intervals. Parental lifetime psychopathology and offspring symptomatology at ages 18-20 were assessed by semi-structured diagnostic interviews. Census tract variables were used to indicate neighborhood characteristics. Results: The isomorphic parental symptomatology predicted offspring psychopathology. For marijuana use disorder (MJUD), major depression disorder (MDD), and nicotine dependence (ND), the other parental comorbidities were also significant predictors. Neighborhood residential instability in childhood contributed to the development of late adolescent alcohol use disorder (AUD), MJUD, MDD, antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) and ND symptomatology. Although lower family SES in childhood contributed to more adolescent MJUD, MDD, and ND symptoms, neighborhood SES did not predict adolescent psychopathology. Longitudinal changes in neighborhood environments from early childhood to adolescence had significant effects on AUD, MJUD, and MDD symptoms in late adolescence. A higher frequency of family mobility from early childhood to adolescence predicted more ND symptoms in late adolescence. Conclusion: Findings indicate that parental psychopathology, family SES, and neighborhood residential instability are all important risk factors for the development of substance use disorder and other comorbid psychopathology. Intervention programming might effectively utilize these early parental psychopathology indicators to identify risk, as well as target community activity to stabilize the social environment and provide youth services to counteract the effects of family transience.This work was supported by NIAAA Grant R37 AA-07065 to R. A. Zucker and H. E. Fitzgerald.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/64508/1/#166 Buu 2009, JSAD, Parent, family, and neighborhood effects on the development of child substance use and other psychopathology from preschool to the start of adulthood.pd