Natural course of CCSVI criteria in 7 MS patients with ≥2 criteria over a median time period of 12 weeks.

<p>At baseline and at follow-up, for stenosis measurements, method 1 and 2 were used.</p><p>Method 1 IJVs stenosis as a local CSA reduction of ≥50% across the IJV. Method 2 IJVs stenosis as a ≤0.3 cm² CSA, measured at the level of the thyroid gland.</p><p>ΔCSA  =  CSA_supine – CSA_upright.</p><p>Due to lack of assessment, in patient 2, patient 4 and patient 6 criterion V was not assessed at follow-up.</p><p>NP not present; this CCSVI criterion was not present.</p><p><u>Abbreviations.</u></p><p>CCSVI, chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency; CSA, cross section area; IJV, internal jugular vein; L, left; MS, multiple sclerosis; NP, not present; R, right; VV, vertebral vein.</p

Natural course of extracranial venous haemodynamics in 52 patients with MS over a median time period of 16

<p>At baseline and at follow-up, for stenosis measurements, method 1 and 2 were used.</p><p>Method 1 IJVs stenosis as a local CSA reduction of ≥50% across the IJV. Method 2 IJVs stenosis as a ≤0.3 cm² CSA, measured at the level of the thyroid gland.</p><p>B-mode anomalies, referring to septum, flap, annulus, web or malformed valve in the lumen of the IJV, indicating stenosis.</p><p>ΔCSA  =  CSA_supine – CSA_upright.</p><p><u>Abbreviations </u></p><p>CCSVI, chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency; CSA, cross section area; DCV, deep cerebral vein; ECD, echo color Doppler; IJV, internal jugular vein; MS, multiple sclerosis; VV, vertebral vein.</p

Logistic regression model of employment status.

<p>The logistic regression model included employment status (paid job/no paid job) as dependent variable and physical functioning, physical impact of fatigue and memory as covariates. R² = 0.34 (Cox & Snell), 0.46 (Nagelkerke).</p

Demographic and disease characteristics of the study sample.

<p>Percentages (N) or means (± SD) are reported. ^aeducational level: (1) less than six years of primary education; (2) finished six years of primary education; (3) six years primary education and less than two years of low level secondary education; (4) four years of low level secondary education; (5) four years of average level secondary education; (6) five years of high level secondary education; (7) university degree. No significant group differences were found at p≤0.05.</p

Differences in self-reported functioning between patients with and without paid employment.

<p>Means (± SD) are reported. Mann-Whitney U and independent t-tests were used to examine group differences.</p

Regression analysis of CSA at U6 with electrophysiological values.

<p>Regression analysis of CSA at U6 with electrophysiological values.</p

Distal to proximal mean conduction velocity of ulnar nerve in patients with Hansen’s disease and healthy controls.

<p>Distal to proximal mean conduction velocity of ulnar nerve in patients with Hansen’s disease and healthy controls.</p

Distal to proximal mean thickness of ulnar nerve (CSA- mm²) in patients with Hansen’s disease and healthy controls.

<p>Distal to proximal mean thickness of ulnar nerve (CSA- mm²) in patients with Hansen’s disease and healthy controls.</p

Distal to proximal mean CAMP of ulnar nerve in patients with Hansen’s disease and healthy controls.

<p>Distal to proximal mean CAMP of ulnar nerve in patients with Hansen’s disease and healthy controls.</p

Pattern of nerve enlargement in leprosy.

<p>A—Normal ulnar nerve. B—Maximum enlargement few centimetres proximal to sulcus.</p