Las regalías contractuales como mecanismo alternativo de financiamiento de la industria minera

With a mining ecosystem in constant evolution, contractual royalties have emerged as a new financing method for projects that require millionaire investments. The author analyzes the operation and applicability of this method, recently introduced in Peru, and how it fits into the national legal system. In order to do this, he first analyzes the nature of the contractual royalty and how it is regulated by our legal system, to then study the different types that emerge in practice and their content.Con un ecosistema minero en constante evolución, las regalías contractuales emergen como un novedoso método de financiamiento para proyectos que requieren millonarias inversiones. El autor analiza el funcionamiento y aplicabilidad de este método, recién introducido en el Perú, y cómo éste encaja dentro del sistema jurídico nacional. Para ello, analiza primero la naturaleza de la regalía contractual y cómo es reguladapor nuestro ordenamiento jurídico, para luego estudiar los distintos tipos que se presentan en la práctica y su contenido

Algunas consideraciones introductorias sobre la emisión de bonos high yield en el mercado de capitales internacional

En el presente artículo, el autor nos introduce en el mundo del mercado de capitales internacionales, centrándose en un tema de mucho interés: la emisión de bonos High Yield o de alto rendimiento, considerados como bonos por debajo del grado de inversión. El Doctor Lengua, explica la definición de estos y la razón por la cual se les considera como bonos de alto rendimiento, en contraposición con otros instrumentos de similar naturaleza. Asimismo, el autor explica los aspectos más importantes de los bonos, los conceptos de ranking y subordinación, y nos enseña la manera en la cual se mitiga el efecto de la subordinación en emisiones de bonos, tocando puntos clave en cada uno de los temas

Relationship between regular physical exercise and vigilance: Influence of different types of sport expertise and cardiovascular fitness.

El objetivo principal de la presente tesis fue investigar la relación entre la práctica regular de ejercicio y la vigilancia, evaluando la influencia de posibles variables moduladoras en esta asociación, como la condición física cardiovascular y diferentes tipos de maestría deportiva. Para ello, se planteó una serie experimental conformada por tres estudios. En el primer estudio se investigó la relación entre la práctica deportiva regular y la vigilancia en adolescentes. Para cumplir tal propósito, utilizamos la tarea de vigilancia psicomotora (PVT) para evaluar la vigilancia y un test físico ampliamente utilizado en adolescentes y niños (Léger Test) para evaluar la condición física cardiovascular de los participantes. En el segundo estudio con niños, se incluyó el análisis de los efectos de diferentes tipos de maestría deportiva (deportes con entorno estable vs. deportes con entorno cambiante) y una manipulación de las demandas de velocidad de respuesta de la tarea atencional utilizada. En el tercer estudio, se pretendió analizar si la relación entre la práctica deportiva y la vigilancia se mantendría en etapas posteriores del desarrollo evolutivo (jóvenes adultos). Además, para tratar de investigar si los efectos de la práctica deportiva sobre la vigilancia podrían estar modulados por el nivel de demanda perceptiva-cognitiva de la tarea cognitiva utilizada, los participantes completaron una tarea de vigilancia que requería la respuesta continuada a estímulos y reducidas demandas de control inhibitorio (PVT), y una tarea atencional que requería la respuesta infrecuente a estímulos objetivos (paradigma Oddball), mientras que exigía mayores demandas perceptivas y de inhibición de respuesta. Nuestros hallazgos, apuntan a una relación positiva entre el funcionamiento cognitivo y la práctica deportiva, especialmente en modalidades deportivas que combinen demandas físicas y mentales.The main aim of the present thesis was to investigate the relationship between regular exercise and vigilance, evaluating the influence of potential modulating variables on this association, such as cardiovascular fitness and different types of sport expertise. To accomplish this purpose, an experimental series consisting of three studies was proposed. The first study investigated the relationship between regular sport participation and vigilance in adolescents. To fulfill this goal, we used the Psychomotor Vigilance Task (PVT) to evaluate vigilance performance and a physical test widely used in adolescents and children to evaluate cardiovascular fitness (Léger Test). In the second study with children, we included the analysis of the effects of different types of sports expertise (self-paced sports vs. externally-paced sports) and a manipulation of the speed response demands of the PVT. In the third study, we analyzed whether the relationship between different regular sport participation and vigilance would be maintained in later stages of the development (young adults). In addition, in order to investigate whether the effects of different types of sport expertise on vigilance performance could be modulated by the perceptual-cognitive demands of the cognitive task, participants completed an attentional task which required the continued response to stimulus and reduced inhibitory control demands (PVT), and an attentional task which required infrequent response to target stimulus (Oddball paradigm), and placed higher perceptual and inhibition control demands in the participants. Overall, our main findings point to a positive relationship between cognitive functioning and sport expertise, especially in sports modalities combining both physical and mental demands.Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del DeporteCiencias de la Salu

Deliberate soccer practice modulates attentional functioning in children

The main purpose of this study was to explore the association between the regular practice of open-skill sports (i.e., soccer) and executive control, along with other attentional functions (i.e., alerting and orienting) during preadolescence. The study was conducted on 131 participants (70 non-athletes and 61 soccer players). To measure cognitive performance, participants performed the Attentional Network Test—Interactions (ANT-I) task. Compared to non-athletes, soccer players showed overall faster responses and better executive control (e.g., reduced interference from distractors). Overall, our results provide new empirical evidence supporting the positive association between regular sports practice and cognitive performance, and more specifically executive functions. However, is important to note that the relationship between regular sport practice and cognition is complex and multifactorial. Our findings can be partly explained by the “cardiovascular fitness hypothesis” and the “cognitive component skills approach,” suggesting that an externally paced sport environment with high physical fitness and perceptual–cognitive demands may be an appropriate setting to optimize the development of cognitive functioning during early adolescenceCiencias de la Actividad Física y del Deport

Processing speed in youth football players

Processing speed is the response efficiency in stimulus processing tasks (Lezak, 2004). Optimal levels of this capacity are required to perform efficiently in di↵erent sport settings. Indeed, expert athletes have shown superior processing speed capacities in wide range of general cognitive tasks (Voss et al., 2010, for a review).Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deport

Sport participation and vigilance in children: Influence of different sport expertise

PURPOSE: The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between different types of sport expertise (externally-paced vs. self-paced sports) and vigilance performance in children by evaluating the cardiovascular fitness level of the participants. METHODS: Three groups of children (11.0 ± 0.2 years) differentiated in terms of their regular sport participation (football players, n = 20; track and field athletes, n = 20; non-athletic controls, n = 20) took part in the study. In one session, participants performed the Leger Multi-stage fitness test to estimate their aerobic fitness level. In another session, participants completed the Psychomotor Vigilance Task (PVT) to evaluate their vigilance performance under 2 conditions of velocity demands (normal vs. speed). RESULTS: The results revealed that both groups of sport practitioners had higher cardiovascular fitness than non-athlete controls. In contrast, no significant differences in the performance PVT were found between track and field athletes and controls. Crucially, football players showed better performance in the PVT than track and field athletes and controls. These between-group differences were not modulated by the speed demands of the task. CONCLUSION: The major novel finding of this research points to a positive relationship between sport participation and vigilance performance during childhood. We discuss our results in terms of the different hypotheses put forward in the literature to explain the relationship between regular exercise and cognitive functioning: the "cardiovascular fitness" and the "cognitive component skills" hypotheses.Spanish Ministerio de Educación y Cultura (FPU13-05605)Junta de Andalucia Proyecto de Excelencia (SEJ-6414)Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (PSI2013-46385)Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (PSI2013-46385)Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deport

Chronic participation in externally paced, but not self-paced sports is associated with the modulation of domain-general cognition

The present study investigated the role of chronic sport participation in the modulation of vigilance and inhibitory control. We also aimed to disentangle the relative contribution of different types of sport expertise and sport-related fitness to the exercisecognition relationship. Three groups of young adults differing in their chronic sport expertise (externally-paced sports, n = 22, self-paced sports, n = 22, non-athletes, n = 22) took part in the study. Participants completed a cardiovascular fitness test, a hand-eye coordination test and two different types of vigilance tasks: (1) Psychomotor Vigilance Task (PVT) and (2) Oddball Task, which were designed to gain insight into the cognitive processes involved in sustaining attention over time and allocating selective attention by exerting inhibitory control, respectively. No differences were found in PVT performance between the two athlete groups and between self-paced sports athletes and non-athletes, whereas athletes from externally-paced sports outperformed non-athletes. Crucially, athletes from externally-paced sports also differed from those of self-paced sports and non-athletes in the Oddball task, showing less omission and commission errors. The sport expertise effect was independent of participant’s cardiovascular fitness while hand-eye coordination modulated vigilance and inhibitory control performance. Our findings add novel empirical evidence to the role of expertise in cognitively demanding sports as an important factor in the relationship between exercise and cognition.This work was supported by Ministerio de Educación y Cultura [grant number Predoctoral grant (FPU13-05605)]Spanish Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad [grant number PSI2017-84926-P]Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deport

Academic background of young football coaches modulates the methodology of flexibility training

The academic background of coaches in elite soccer academies is improving . Currently, football clubs are requiring to their coaches a greater academic background to be competent both at pedagogical and methodological level. Planning and periodization of training in football should be correctly organized according to the age and psycho-physiological development of the athletesCiencias de la Actividad Física y del Deport

The influence of the relative age effect on the position and technical-tactical performance in elite level football academies

The present study attempts to explore if the relative age effect (RAE) is related to the assignment of certain positions for players by the coaches, and if this phenomenon demonstrates a relationship with the technical-tactical performance of the player.Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deport

The academic background of youth soccer coaches modulates their behavior during training

This investigation aims to explore the relationship between the academic backgrounds of youth soccer coaches (U10 and U12 age groups) in Spain and the type of verbal behavior used during training sessions. The sample consisted of 70 coaches divided into two groups, depending on whether or not they had engaged with a university-level academic studies related to Physical Education and or Sport Sciences. A modified version of the “Coach Analysis and Intervention System” (CAIS), developed by Cushion et al. (2012), was used to collect data. A total of 32,886 verbal behaviors were noted and analyzed. Our results suggest that the coaches with university academic backgrounds frequently use more verbal behaviors and that these could be associated with positive effects on the players’ learning and development processes. We suggest it is important to develop specific training programs aimed at optimizing the coaches’ communicative and socio-affective skills in order to maximize their impact in youth athletes’ learning processCiencias de la Actividad Física y del Deport