97 research outputs found
Working Conditions and Health of European Older Workers
Working conditions have greatly evolved in recent decades in developed countries. This evolution has been accompanied with the appearance of new forms of work organisation that may be sources of stress and health risk for older workers. As populations are ageing, these issues are particularly worrying in terms of the health, labour force participation and Social Security expenditure. This paper focuses on the links between quality of employment and the health of older workers, using the Share 2004 survey. Our research is based on two classical models: the Demand-Control model of Karasek and Theorell (1991) and the Effort-Reward Imbalance model of Siegrist (1996), which highlight three main dimensions: Demand that reflects perceived physical pressure and stress due to a heavy work load; Control that refers to decision latitude at work and the possibilities to develop new skills; and Reward that corresponds to the feeling of receiving a correct salary relatively to efforts made, of having prospects for personal progress and receiving deserved recognition. These models also take into account the notion of support in difficult situations at work and the feeling of job security. Our estimations show that the health status of older workers is related to these factors. Fairly low demand levels and a good level of reward are associated with a good health status, for both men and women. Control only influences the health status of women. Lastly, the results reveal the importance on health of a lack of support at work and the feeling of job insecurity; regardless of gender; these two factors are particularly related to the risk of depression. Thus health status and working conditions are important determinants of the labour force participation of older workers.Working conditions, Health, Older Workers
Stress at Work and the Health of Older Workers in Europe,
Working conditions have changed in recent decades. This study focuses on the existing links between job organization and the health status of older workers using the Share 2004 survey. It is based on the Karasek and Theorell (1991) and the Siegrist (1996) models, which highlight three main areas: the psychological demand, which reflects perceived physical demand and pressure due to heavy workload; the control at work, which relates to freedom of action and the opportunity to develop new skills; and the reward a person receives, which equates to the feeling of receiving an adequate salary relatively to the effort realized, having prospects for job advancement and receiving the recognition deserved. These models also take into account the notion of support at work in difficult situations and the feeling of job security. Our estimates show that the health status of older workers is linked to these factors.Job Organization, Health, Older Workers
Organisation du travail et sante des seniors en Europe
Les conditions de travail ont rapidement évolué au cours des dernières décennies dans les pays développés. Cette évolution s’est accompagnée de l’apparition de nouvelles formes d’organisation du travail s’avérant être sources de pénibilité et de risques pour la santé. Dans un contexte de vieillissement des populations, ces problèmes sont particulièrement préoccupants, en matière de santé, d’emploi et de financement des retraites. Cette étude s’intéresse aux liens existant entre l’organisation du travail et la santé des seniors (50 ans et plus). A partir des données de l’enquête SHARE 2004, nous montrons que plusieurs facteurs liés à l’organisation du travail - tels qu’une forte demande psychologique, un manque de latitude décisionnelle, une récompense reçue par le travail insatisfaisante, l’absence de soutien dans le travail mais aussi l’insécurité de l’emploi - sont corrélés à l’état de santé des seniors. Dès lors, l’organisation du travail comme la santé constituent des déterminants importants de la sortie d’activité des seniors.job organization, health, older workers
RETRATO SIN IDENTIFICAR [Material gráfico]
Copia digital. Madrid : Ministerio de EducaciĂłn, Cultura y Deporte, 201
Jean-Louis Amiet, 2012. Les rainettes du Cameroun (Amphibiens Anoures)
Lengagne Thierry. Jean-Louis Amiet, 2012. Les rainettes du Cameroun (Amphibiens Anoures). In: Bulletin mensuel de la Société linnéenne de Lyon, 82ᵉ année, n°1-2, Janvier-février 2013. p. 46
Jean-Louis Amiet, 2012. Les rainettes du Cameroun (Amphibiens Anoures)
Lengagne Thierry. Jean-Louis Amiet, 2012. Les rainettes du Cameroun (Amphibiens Anoures). In: Bulletin mensuel de la Société linnéenne de Lyon, 82ᵉ année, n°1-2, Janvier-février 2013. p. 46
Tools for Integrated Sustainability Assessment: A two-track approach. The Integrated Assessment Journal
Sustainable development has become an overarching policy target for the global policy arena. However, the international policy-making process and that of the individual countries remains largely sectoral in nature: a wide spectrum of international policies pursue narrow sectoral concerns and do not contribute fully enough to the achievement of broader sustain-ability targets. New policy tools such as Sustainability Impact Assessment (SIA) have therefore been adopted by the European Union to ensure that sectoral policies can be evaluated in relation to their wider sustainability impacts. However, what is really needed is a cross-sectoral approach to assessing sustainable development at an even higher, much more strategic level: Integrated Sustainability Assessment (ISA). ISA involves a long-term, comprehensive assessment of international and national policy pro-grammes against sustainability targets and criteria. In order to perform ISA at the international level, new assessmen
Pénibilité au travail et santé des seniors en Europe
[fre] Les conditions de travail ont beaucoup Ă©voluĂ© au cours des dernières dĂ©cennies dans les pays dĂ©veloppĂ©s. Cette Ă©volution s'est accompagnĂ©e de l'apparition de nouvelles formes d'organisation du travail pouvant ĂŞtre sources de pĂ©nibilitĂ© et de risques pour la santĂ©. Dans un contexte de vieillissement des populations, ces problèmes sont particulièrement prĂ©occupants, en matière de santĂ©, d'emploi et de financement des retraites. Cette Ă©tude s'intĂ©resse aux liens existant entre l'organisation du travail et la santĂ© des seniors Ă partir de l'enquĂŞte Share 2004. Elle se fonde sur deux modèles, celui de Karasek et Theorell (1991) et celui de Siegrist (1996) qui font intervenir trois principales dimensions : la pression ressentie qui reflète la pĂ©nibilitĂ© physique perçue et la pression due Ă une forte charge de travail, la latitude dĂ©cisionnelle qui renvoie Ă la libertĂ© d'action et aux possibilitĂ©s de dĂ©velopper de nouvelles compĂ©tences, et la rĂ©compense reçue qui correspond au sentiment de recevoir un salaire correct relativement aux efforts fournis, d'avoir des perspectives d'avancement ou de progression personnelle et de recevoir une reconnaissance mĂ©ritĂ©e. Ces modèles tiennent Ă©galement compte de la notion de soutien dans le travail et du sentiment de sĂ©curitĂ© de l'emploi. Nos estimations montrent que l'Ă©tat de santĂ© des seniors en emploi est liĂ© Ă ces facteurs. Un niveau de pression ressentie peu Ă©levĂ© mais surtout un niveau de rĂ©compense reçue important sont associĂ©s Ă un bon Ă©tat de santĂ©, pour les hommes comme pour les femmes. La latitude dĂ©cisionnelle n'aurait d'influence que sur l'Ă©tat de santĂ© des femmes. Les rĂ©sultats rĂ©vèlent enfin l'importance sur la santĂ© du manque de soutien au travail et du sentiment d'insĂ©curitĂ© vis-Ă -vis de l'emploi ; quel que soit le sexe, ces deux facteurs sont notamment corrĂ©lĂ©s au risque de souffrir de dĂ©pression. [eng] Working conditions in developed countries have changed considerably in recent decades. This change has gone hand in hand with the development of new forms of labour organisation which can be sources of stress and health risks. Against a background of ageing populations, these problems are particularly worrying, in terms of health, employment and fi nancing retirement. This study focuses on the existing links between labour organisation and the health of older workers using the Share 2004 survey. It is based on two models, the Karasek and Theorell (1991) model, and the Siegrist (1996) model, which highlight three main areas: the pressure a person feels, which refl ects perceived physical stress and pressure arising from major work changes; the scope for decision-making, which relates to freedom of action and the chances to develop new skills; and the reward a person receives, which equates to the feeling of receiving a salary which is proportionate to the effort they make, having prospects for promotion or personal advancement and receiving the recognition he or she deserves. These models also take into account the notion of in-work support and the feeling of job security. Our estimates show that the state of health of older workers is linked to these factors. A low level of perceived pressure and above all a high level of recognition are associated with a good state of health, for men and women alike. Scope for decision-making would only appear to infl uence women’s state of health. Finally, the results reveal the importance for health of the lack of support at work and the feeling of job insecurity; for both sexes, these factors are particularly linked to the risk of depression. Stress at Work and the Health of Older Workers in Europe [spa] Trabajo penoso y salud de los seniors en Europa. Las condiciones de trabajo han evolucionado mucho en las Ăşltimas dĂ©cadas en los paĂses desarrollados. Esta evoluciĂłn conlleva nuevas formas de organizaciĂłn del trabajo que pueden ser fuentes de penosidad y riesgos para la salud. En un contexto de envejecimiento de la poblaciĂłn, estos problemas son especialmente preocupantes en materia de salud, empleo y fi nanciaciĂłn de las jubilaciones. Este estudio se interesa por las conexiones existentes entre la organizaciĂłn del trabajo y la salud de los seniors a partir de la encuesta Share 2004, basada en dos modelos -el de Karasek y Theorell (1991) y el de Siegrist (1996)-en el que interactĂşan tres dimensiones principales: la presiĂłn experimentada, que refl eja la penosidad fĂsica percibida y la presiĂłn debida a una considerable carga de trabajo, la libertad de decisiĂłn, que se refi ere a la libertad de acciĂłn y a la posibilidad de desarrollar nuevas competencias, y la recompensa recibida, que corresponde al sentimiento de recibir un salario justo respecto a los esfuerzos realizados, perspectivas de avance o progreso personal y recibir el reconocimiento merecido. Estos modelos tambiĂ©n integran la nociĂłn de apoyo en el trabajo y el sentimiento de seguridad del empleo. Nuestras estimaciones muestran que el estado de salud de los seniors en actividad está vinculado a estos factores. Un buen estado de salud se asocia a un nivel de presiĂłn poco elevado, pero sobre todo a un nivel de recompensa importante, tanto para hombres como mujeres. La libertad de decisiĂłn solo afectarĂa al estado de salud de las mujeres. Por Ăşltimo, los resultados revelan la infl uencia que la falta de apoyo en el trabajo y el sentimiento de inseguridad respecto al trabajo tienen sobre la salud; ambos factores, independientemente del gĂ©nero, están especialmente relacionados con el riesgo de sufrir depresiones. [ger] Beschwerlichkeit der Arbeit und Gesundheit der älteren Arbeitnehmer in Europa. In den letzten Jahrzehnten haben sich die Arbeitsbedingungen in den Industrieländern sehr verändert. Einher ging diese Entwicklung mit dem Aufkommen neuer Formen der Arbeitsorganisation, die die Arbeit beschwerlicher machen und Gesundheitsrisiken in sich bergen können. Vor dem Hintergrund der Alterung der Gesellschaft sind diese Probleme im Hinblick auf die Gesundheit, die Beschäftigung und die Rentenfi nanzierung besonders besorgniserregend. Diese Studie befasst sich mit den Beziehungen zwischen Arbeitsorganisation und Gesundheit der Senioren auf der Grundlage der Erhebung Share 2004. Sie stĂĽtzt sich auf zwei Modelle: das Modell von Karasek und Theorell (1991) und das Modell von Siegrist (1996). Diese berĂĽcksichtigen drei Hauptdimensionen: den empfundenen Druck, der die körperliche Beschwerlichkeit und den Druck infolge der hohen Arbeitsbelastung widerspiegelt; den Entscheidungsspielraum, der auf die Handlungsfreiheit und die Möglichkeiten der Entwicklung neuer Kompetenzen verweist; sowie die erhaltene Belohnung, die dem GefĂĽhl entspricht, ein im Vergleich zu den erbrachten Anstrengungen angemessenes Gehalt zu beziehen, Chancen zum Aufstieg oder zum persönlichen Fortkommen zu haben und eine verdiente Anerkennung zu bekommen. BerĂĽcksichtigt werden bei diesen Modellen auch die UnterstĂĽtzung bei der Arbeit und das GefĂĽhl der Beschäftigungssicherheit. Unsere Schätzungen zeigen, dass der Gesundheitszustand der erwerbstätigen Senioren von diesen Faktoren abhängt. Ein nur geringer empfundener Druck und vor allem eine hohe Belohnung bedeuten bei den Männern wie auch bei den Frauen einen guten Gesundheitszustand. Der Entscheidungsspielraum wĂĽrde sich nur auf die Gesundheit der Frauen auswirken. Die Ergebnisse zeigen schlieĂźlich, dass eine unzulängliche UnterstĂĽtzung bei der Arbeit und das mangelnde GefĂĽhl von Beschäftigungssicherheit erhebliche Auswirkungen auf die Gesundheit haben. Unabhängig vom Geschlecht sind diese beiden Faktoren insbesondere fĂĽr das Risiko einer Depression ausschlaggebend.
Paternity control for externally fertilised eggs: behavioural mechanisms in the waterfrog species complex
International audienceMale competition for mates and female mate choice are key mechanisms involved in sexual selection. Surprisingly, these mechanisms have often been investigated separately although they appear to interact in many species. Male-male competition for territories located at the best places or to establish dominance relationships often explain mating patterns. Such male behaviours may affect and sometimes even hinder female mate choice, as in the case of sexual coercion. While in many species females are able to exert cryptic control over paternity (i.e. a process allowing females to bias offspring production toward certain males after intromission), in other species external fertilisation prevents females from doing so. This is the case in the waterfrog hybridisation complex where the hybrid Pelophylax esculentus can only produce viable offspring by pairing with the parental species Pelophylax lessonae (hybridogenetic reproduction). We examined two potential processes that could enhance such mating combinations. Firstly, by monitoring male spatial distribution within six choruses, we showed that the proportion of P. lessonae males located at the edge (in the best position to grasp females arriving at the chorus) cannot explain the frequency of mating combinations observed. Secondly, an experimental approach emphasised a new way for anuran females to favour paternity of a particular male in a sexual coercion context. When females are forcefully paired with an incompatible male, they cannot remove the male grasped on their back by themselves. Nevertheless, by controlling the movement of the pair within the chorus, these females often change mates by enhancing male competition instead of laying eggs. In many species with externally fertilised eggs, it may be thus necessary to take into account this new possibility for females to control offspring paternit
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