Online_Supplement_#1 - Disparities in Access to Early Psychosis Intervention Services: Comparison of Service Users and Nonusers in Health Administrative Data

<p>Online_Supplement_#1 for Disparities in Access to Early Psychosis Intervention Services: Comparison of Service Users and Nonusers in Health Administrative Data by Kelly K. Anderson, Ross Norman, Arlene G. MacDougall, Jordan Edwards, Lena Palaniyappan, Cindy Lau, and Paul Kurdyak in The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry</p

Online_Supplement_#2 - Disparities in Access to Early Psychosis Intervention Services: Comparison of Service Users and Nonusers in Health Administrative Data

<p>Online_Supplement_#2 for Disparities in Access to Early Psychosis Intervention Services: Comparison of Service Users and Nonusers in Health Administrative Data by Kelly K. Anderson, Ross Norman, Arlene G. MacDougall, Jordan Edwards, Lena Palaniyappan, Cindy Lau, and Paul Kurdyak in The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry</p

Spatial signatures of 12 independent components, derived from ICA applied to entropic transformation of MEG data concatenated across all subjects, and tasks.

<p>Regions identified include the visual cortex, the left and right motor cortices, cingulo-insula cortex, pre-motor cortex, the left and right fronto-parietal networks, the left and right temporo-parietal junction and the left and right insula cortices. This represents a unique method to parcellate the cortex, based upon the temporal signature of entropy. Images are displayed in radiological convention.</p

Entropic time-courses and time-frequency spectrograms are given for the visual, left motor, left fronto-parietal and left insula regions.

<p>The upper panel shows results for the Sternberg task and the lower panel shows results for the RM task. For entropic timecourses, the blue line shows change in entropy from baseline level; the shaded region shows standard error across subjects. Time-frequency spectrograms show deviation from resting state oscillatory amplitude, with red and blue showing increased and decreased oscillatory amplitude respectively. Note that both tasks elicit transient changes in signal entropy. Note also the differences in temporal profile of entropy across brain regions.</p

A simulated time-series is shown in blue, the template points are shown in solid squares, and the shaded grey areas indicate the points that are within ± r (tolerance) of these template points.

<p>The unfilled squares indicate points that match the template points to form sequences of length m or m+1 (here m = 2). The template points are moved sequentially through the time-series, and the total number of matches of length m, and length m+1 are calculated.</p

Schematic diagram detailing the calculation of Rank Vector Entropy.

<p>Schematic diagram detailing the calculation of Rank Vector Entropy.</p

Multi-scale-entropy, measured in the visual cortex (A), cingulo-insula cortex (B), left motor cortex (C) and right motor cortex (D).

<p>Graphs show change in MSE from rest in patients (red) and controls (blue) for the RM and Sternberg tasks. Bar charts show specific cases for scales 1 and 2. Note that there is general agreement between RVE (<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0120991#pone.0120991.g004" target="_blank">Fig 4</a>) and MSE (<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0120991#pone.0120991.g005" target="_blank">Fig 5</a>) in showing an increased entropy difference in patients relative to controls. Note also that this difference depends on temporal scale, and is maximum when entropy is measured on the very short timescale (i.e. scales of 1 and 2). * indicates p<0.05 corrected.</p

Flow chart summarising the overall data analysis pipeline.

<p>Flow chart summarising the overall data analysis pipeline.</p

Time-courses in the visual cortex (A), cingulo-insula cortex (B), left motor cortex (C) and right motor cortex (D) showing task induced change in baseline entropy.

<p>Results are presented for schizophrenia patients (red) and healthy control subjects (blue) in the relevant and irrelevant phase of the RM task, and the Sternberg task. Bar charts show averaged entropy change during task, compared to rest, collapsed across both tasks. Note that in the cingulo-insula cortex, a significant (corrected p < 0.05) increase in entropy in patients, relative to control subjects is observed. Note also that the difference between patients and controls changes as a function of time, highlighting the importance of dynamic assessment of entropy.</p

The relationship between neural oscillatory amplitude and signal entropy in the visual, motor and insula cortices.

<p>Note the general trend that entropy exhibits a negative correlation with alpha and beta oscillations and a positive correlation with gamma oscillations. Inset images show the spatial maps of the regions used. The mean correlation across subjects is shown and error bars show standard deviation across subjects.</p