Criminal Liability for Violation of the Quarantine Regime in the Conditions of the COVID-19 Pandemic

Infectio us diseases is the subject of increased attention, which causes concern in society throughout the world. In this context, and in order to implement preventive measures, democratisation and protection of human rights are increasingly combined with measures of state coercion. The new challenge today is the COVID-19 pandemic, recognised by the World Health Organisation. Today is pandemic has forced a qualitative rethink of approaches to responding to the health challenges of both individuals and nations. States have gradually begun to use a variety of health measures, including policy and legal instruments, to control the spread and effects of COVID-19. Some states have resorted to criminal law to apply it to health care to prevent infection with COVID-19. A comparative analysis of the features of criminal liability for violating the quarantine regime in the European Union and Ukraine showed the variability of the structures of crimes, however, the unity of difficulties in qualifying socially dangerous acts and, as a result, the impossibility of effective prosecution. It was stated that there was an urgent need for States to recognise that the new coronavirus was a serious health emergency, but that the criminalisation related to COVID-19 was a worrying trend towards prolonging human rights restrictions. Experts are increasingly questioning, in particular, the feasibility and effectiveness of existing criminal law measures on health care and their fragmentary compliance with internationally declared human rights standards, which in the long run will be the basis for the abolition of new criminalised components of crimes

Development of the Tensor Model of Multipath Qоe-routing in an Infocommunication Network with Providing the Required Quality Rating

This work has solved a relevant task to ensure the required level of quality of experience in an infocommunication network, which implied the development of a mathematical model of the multipath QoE-routing while maintaining the required quality rating. In this case, quality rating calculation requires the introduction to the mathematical model of routing of additional conditions for obtaining the indicators of an end-to-end delay and a packet loss probability. To this end, it is advisable to use the tensor formalization of these conditions when implementing a multipath routing strategy. Such a technique for expanding the mathematical models (introduction of additional analytical conditions) is more flexible and would full account for the complexity of relationship between network parameters within QoE. Given this, the quality of experience of speech transmission is not defined by the absolute values of delays and loss probabilities, but rather by their relationship. The result of studying the proposed model is the calculated quantitative indicator for a quality rating, which, compared to recommended indicators according to existing recommendations, makes it possible to evaluate the execution of the predefined level of QoE. In other words, given the preset intensity of traffic in a network, we calculated indicators for the average end-to-end delay and a packet loss probability, which make it possible to assess the quality of experience in terms of a quality rating and indicate the efficiency of the proposed solution. And, on the contrary, owing to the developed model of QoE-routing, it has become possible to control the probability of losses and the average end-to-end packet delay in an infocommunication network in order to ensure meeting the specified QoE-requirements. In addition, a comparative analysis was performed of a flow model of multipath routing based on using the IGRP metric, which made it possible to assess the effectiveness of the proposed solution and demonstrated better performance in terms of a quality rating by 12 to 25 % depending on the source data