Duality and fields redefinition in three dimensions

We analyze local fields redefinition and duality for gauge field theories in three dimensions. We find that both Maxwell-Chern-Simons and the Self-Dual models admits the same fields redefinition. Maxwell-Proca action and its dual also share this property. We show explicitly that a gauge-fixing term has no influence on duality and fields redefinition.Comment: 8 pages, suppressed contents. To appear in J. Phys.

Population genetic structure and mating system of Swietenia macrophylla King (Meliaceae) in the Brazilian Amazon : implications for conservation

Mahogany, Swietenia macrophylla (Meliaceae) is the most valuable hardwood species in Neotropics and is seriously threatened owing to over-exploitation and habitat destruction. The population genetic structure and mating system of S. macrophylla were studied in the Brazilian Amazon for conservation purposes. Ten highly polymorphic micro satellite markers were developed from an enriched genomic library of S. macrophylla and combined in three multiplexed fluorescence based genotyping systems. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 11 to 25 (mean = 15.8). The probability of genetic identity (7x10- 15) and the probability of paternity exclusion (0.999998) found over all loci indicate the high discriminating power of these markers. The genetic structure was investigated in seven populations 8- 2,103 km apart. High genetic diversity was detected within populations (mean He = 0.761, range 0.719-0.800) and a significant level of inbreeding was found (f = 0.046, P<0.0001, range 0.014-0.097) indicating nonrandom mating of individuals within populations. Genetic differentiation among populations was significant (A = 0.12 and p = 0.14, P<0.0001), but no clear pattern of isolation by distance was found. Conservation strategies for mahogany should take into account the existence of important genetic structuring of populations. S. macrophylla seems to have adaptations that preferentially produce outcrossed progeny but also allows for selfing. The high multilocus outcrossing rate (tm = 0.958) estimated for one population indicated that, although there was a prevalence of outcrossing, selfing was not negligible. Around 4-6% of seedlings in the population were likely to have resulted from self-fertilization and substantial biparental inbreeding was denoted by the significant difference between the multilocus and singlelocus estimates (tm - ts = 0.14). Owing to the species pre-adaptation to colonize newly open, disturbed habitats, many of the remaining trees in logged areas may persist as viable individuals which could be very important for population recovery and genetic conservation programmes

Equivalence classes for gauge theories

In this paper we go deep into the connection between duality and fields redefinition for general bilinear models involving the 1-form gauge field $A$. A duality operator is fixed based on "gauge embedding" procedure. Dual models are shown to fit in equivalence classes of models with same fields redefinitions