Enzyme-assisted modification of flavonoids from Matricaria chamomilla: antioxidant activity and inhibitory effect on digestive enzymes

Matricaria chamomilla L. contains antioxidant flavonoids that can have their bioactivity enhanced by enzymatic hydrolysis of specific glycosyl groups. This study implements an untargeted metabolomics approach based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionisation quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry technique operating in MSE mode (UPLC-QTOF-MSE) and spectrophotometric analysis of chamomile aqueous infusions, before and after hydrolysis by hesperidinase and ?-galactosidase. Several phenolic compounds were altered in the enzymatically treated infusion, with the majority being flavonoid derivatives of apigenin, esculetin, and quercetin. Although enzymatically modifying the infusion only led to a small increase in antioxidant activity (DPPH? method), its inhibitory effect on pancreatic lipase was of particular interest. The enzymatically treated infusion exhibited a greater inhibitory effect (EC50 of 35.6??M) than unmodified infusion and kinetic analysis suggested mixed inhibition of pancreatic lipase. These results are of great relevance due to the potential of enzymatically treated functional foods in human health3514249CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO - CNPQCOORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DE PESSOAL DE NÍVEL SUPERIOR - CAPESFUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO - FAPESPsem informaçãosem informação2012/20393–

Study of the effect of hydrogen peroxide in the activities of two acid phosphatases

Orientador: Hiroshi AoyamaDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de BiologiaResumo: Atualmente, muito tem sido descoberto acerca dos mecanismos de controle do crescimento e coordenação celular, principalmente em células eucarióticas. Dentre tais mecanismos, o balanço entre a fosforilação e a desfosforilação de proteínas é a base para o controle de diversos eventos biológicos. As fosfatases são hidrolases que utilizam como substrato fosfatomonoésteres, e são amplamente distribuídas na natureza. As fosfatases ácidas (FAcs) são enzimas que apresentam melhor atividade em meio ácido. O objetivo do presente trabalho é estudar o efeito de peróxido de hidrogênio em duas fosfatases ácidas cujos sítios ativos contêm cisteína. Para tanto, FAc de sementes de mamona e FAc de rim bovino, ambas obtidas previamente em nosso laboratório, foram utilizadas no estudo. A primeira é uma glicoproteína, ao passo que a segunda não contém carboidrato em sua estrutura. Ensaios enzimáticos utilizando o substrato sintético p-nitrofenilfosfato (pNPP) foram realizados, em diferentes condições de incubação e exposição das enzimas. A FAc de mamona apresentou grande resistência ao peróxido de hidrogênio (H2O2), fato que se mostrou independente da presença de carboidrato em sua estrutura. Ensaios na presença de ditiotreitol (DTT) ou glutationa reduzida (GSH) provocaram inibição da enzima, porém a combinação de DTT ou GSH a H2O2 foi capaz de recuperar completamente a atividade enzimática. A exposição da FAc de mamona a DTT ou GSH não protegeu totalmente o sítio catalítico contra a oxidação por H2O2, apesar de acarretar em menores taxas de inibição por esse composto. A exposição da enzima a H2O2 elevou a sua inibição. A FAc de rim bovino apresentou grande susceptibilidade ao H2O2. Os compostos DTT e GSH provocaram inibição de sua atividade, assim como observado para a FAc de mamona. A combinação de DTT ou GSH a H2O2 não restabeleceu a atividade enzimática, sugerindo que há diferenças no processo de oxidação por esse composto entre as duas FAcs utilizadas nesse trabalho. A exposição da FAc de rim bovino a DTT ou GSH não foi eficaz na proteção do sítio catalítico, e a exposição dessa enzima a H2O2 elevou a inibição da atividade enzimática. Nossos resultados sugerem que as FAcs, independentemente da presença de carboidrato na estrutura, sofreram oxidação de maneiras diferentes, apresentando comportamentos bastante divergentes entre si. Hipotetizamos que a Fac de mamona atingiu um estado reversível de oxidação, sendo que a cisteína tornou-se ácido sulfênico. Já a FAc de rim bovino deve ter alcançado um estado irreversível de oxidação, com a cisteína na forma de ácido sulfínico ou sulfônicoAbstract: Currently, much has been discovered about the mechanisms of control of cell growth and coordination, especially in eukaryotic cells. Among such mechanisms, the balance between the phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of proteins is the basis for the control of various biological events. The phosphatases are hydrolases using as substrate phosphate monoesters, and are widely distributed in nature. The acid phosphatases are enzymes that have better activity under acidic conditions. The goal of this work is to study the effect of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in two acid phosphatases which contains cysteine in their active site. Therefore, castor bean and bovine kidney acid phosphatases, both previously obtained in our laboratory, were used in this study. The first is a glycoprotein, whereas the second contains no carbohydrate in its structure. Enzyme assays using the synthetic substrate p-nitrophenylphosphate (pNPP) were performed at different incubation conditions and exposure of the enzymes. The castor bean acid phosphatase showed great resistance to H2O2, a fact that was independent of the presence of carbohydrate in their structure. Assays in the presence of dithiothreitol (DTT) or reduced glutathione (GSH) caused enzyme inhibition, but the combination of the GSH or DTT and H2O2 was able to completely recover enzyme activity. Exposure of castor bean acid phosphatase to DTT or GSH did not fully protect the catalytic site against oxidation by H2O2, although result in lower rates of inhibition by this compound. Exposure of the enzyme to H2O2 increased its inhibition. Acid phosphatase from bovine kidney showed high susceptibility to H2O2. The compounds DTT and GSH caused inhibition of its activity, as was observed for castor bean acid phosphatase. For this enzyme, the combination of DTT or GSH to H2O2 not reestablished enzyme activity, suggesting that there are differences in the oxidation process for this compound between the two phosphatases used in this work. Exposure of bovine kidney acid phosphatase to DTT or GSH was not effective in protecting the catalytic site, and the exposure of the enzyme to H2O2 increased the inhibition of enzyme activity. Our results suggest that the acid phosphatases, regardless of the presence of carbohydrate in the structure, underwent oxidation by different ways, presenting quite divergent behaviors. We hypothesize that the castor bean acid phosphatase reached a state of reversible oxidation, and cysteine became sulfenic acid. As for acid phosphatase bovine kidney must have reached a state of irreversible oxidation with cysteine as sulfonic or sulfinic acidMestradoBioquimicaMestra em Biologia Funcional e Molecula

Kinetic study on the inhibition of xanthine oxidase by acylated derivatives of flavonoids synthesised enzymatically

Studies have reported that flavonoids inhibit xanthine oxidase (XO) activity; however, poor solubility and stability in lipophilic media limit their bioavailability and applications. This study evaluated the kinetic parameters of XO inhibition and partition coefficients of flavonoid esters biosynthesised from hesperidin, naringin, and rutin via enzymatic acylation with hexanoic, octanoic, decanoic, lauric, and oleic acids catalysed by Candida antarctica lipase B (CALB). Quantitative determination by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (UHPLC–MS) showed higher conversion yields (%) for naringin and rutin esters using acyl donors with 8C and 10C. Rutin decanoate had higher partition coefficients (0.95), and naringin octanoate and naringin decanoate showed greater inhibitory effects on XO (IC50 of 110.35 and 117.51 μM, respectively). Kinetic analysis showed significant differences (p < .05) between the flavonoids before and after acylation regarding Km values, whereas the values for Vmax were the same, implying the competitive nature of XO inhibition