Developments in dairy cow fertility research.

Accurate mass and MS/MS fragmentation data for (a) kynurenine, (b) melatonin, and (c) tryptophan. (TIF 191 kb

Additional file 7: Figure S3. of Urinary metabolomics of young Italian autistic children supports abnormal tryptophan and purine metabolism

ROC curve for the top 25 most discriminating metabolites between ASD cases and controls, displayed in Fig. 2. (TIF 131 kb

Maximum Likelihood phylogenetic dendrograms of KB strains belonged to the “Other” group, based on 16S rDNA sequences.

<p>Bootstrap values calculated for 1000 replications (values lower than 50 are not shown). Bar, 5 nt substitution per 100 nt.</p

KB strains attributions obtained by MB and concordance (at the species level) with the 16S rDNA analysis.

<p>KB strains attributions obtained by MB and concordance (at the species level) with the 16S rDNA analysis.</p

Main spectra of the species <i>Exiguobacterium oxidotolerans</i> (a) and <i>Pseudomonas costantinii</i> (b) obtained by MALDI-TOF analysis.

<p>The relative intensity of the ions (arbitrary units, a.u.) and their mass to charge ratio (<i>m/z</i>) are shown on the <i>y</i> and <i>x-axis</i>, respectively.</p

Maximum Likelihood phylogenetic dendrograms of KB strains belonged to <i>Pseudomonas</i> based on 16S rDNA sequences.

<p>Bootstrap values calculated for 1000 replications (values lower than 50 are not shown). Bar, 5 nt substitution per 1000 nt.</p

Cadmium Stress Responses in <i>Brassica juncea</i>: Hints from Proteomics and Metabolomics

Among heavy metal stressors, cadmium (Cd) pollution is one leading threat to the environment. In this view, research efforts have been increasingly put forward to promote the individuation of phytoextractor plants that are capable of accumulating and withstanding the toxic metals, including Cd, in the aerial parts. We hereby adopted the hyperaccumulator <i>B. juncea</i> (Indian mustard) as a model to investigate plant responses to Cd stress at low (25 μM) and high (100 μM) doses. Analytical strategies included mass-spectrometry-based determination of Cd and the assessment of its effect on the leaf proteome and metabolome. Results were thus integrated with routine physiological data. Taken together, physiology results highlighted the deregulation of photosynthesis efficiency, ATP synthesis, reduced transpiration, and the impairment of light-independent carbon fixation reactions. These results were supported at the proteomics level by the observed Cd-dependent alteration of photosystem components and the alteration of metabolic enzymes, including ATP synthase subunits, carbonic anhydrase, and enzymes involved in antioxidant responses (especially glutathione and phytochelatin homeostasis) and the Calvin cycle. Metabolomics results confirmed the alterations of energy-generating metabolic pathways, sulfur-compound metabolism (GSH and PCs), and Calvin cycle. Besides, metabolomics results highlighted the up-regulation of phosphoglycolate, a byproduct of the photorespiration metabolism. This was suggestive of the likely increased photorespiration rate as a means to cope with Cd-induced unbalance in stomatal conductance and deregulation of CO₂ homeostasis, which would, in turn, promote CO₂ depletion and O₂ (and thus oxidative stress) accumulation under prolonged photosynthesis in the leaves from plants exposed to high doses of CdCl₂. Overall, it emerges that Cd-stressed <i>B. juncea</i> might rely on photorespiration, an adaptation that would prevent the over-reduction of the photosynthetic electron transport chain and photoinhibition

Differentially expressed protein spots in AQP4^−/− quadriceps muscle compared to WT.

<p>Only protein spots that were present on every gel (n = 4 separate comparisons) and demonstrating changes with significance p<0.05 were accepted as being differentially expressed. The proteins were identified by ESI-IT and accession numbers are given.</p

Cadmium Stress Responses in <i>Brassica juncea</i>: Hints from Proteomics and Metabolomics

Among heavy metal stressors, cadmium (Cd) pollution is one leading threat to the environment. In this view, research efforts have been increasingly put forward to promote the individuation of phytoextractor plants that are capable of accumulating and withstanding the toxic metals, including Cd, in the aerial parts. We hereby adopted the hyperaccumulator <i>B. juncea</i> (Indian mustard) as a model to investigate plant responses to Cd stress at low (25 μM) and high (100 μM) doses. Analytical strategies included mass-spectrometry-based determination of Cd and the assessment of its effect on the leaf proteome and metabolome. Results were thus integrated with routine physiological data. Taken together, physiology results highlighted the deregulation of photosynthesis efficiency, ATP synthesis, reduced transpiration, and the impairment of light-independent carbon fixation reactions. These results were supported at the proteomics level by the observed Cd-dependent alteration of photosystem components and the alteration of metabolic enzymes, including ATP synthase subunits, carbonic anhydrase, and enzymes involved in antioxidant responses (especially glutathione and phytochelatin homeostasis) and the Calvin cycle. Metabolomics results confirmed the alterations of energy-generating metabolic pathways, sulfur-compound metabolism (GSH and PCs), and Calvin cycle. Besides, metabolomics results highlighted the up-regulation of phosphoglycolate, a byproduct of the photorespiration metabolism. This was suggestive of the likely increased photorespiration rate as a means to cope with Cd-induced unbalance in stomatal conductance and deregulation of CO₂ homeostasis, which would, in turn, promote CO₂ depletion and O₂ (and thus oxidative stress) accumulation under prolonged photosynthesis in the leaves from plants exposed to high doses of CdCl₂. Overall, it emerges that Cd-stressed <i>B. juncea</i> might rely on photorespiration, an adaptation that would prevent the over-reduction of the photosynthetic electron transport chain and photoinhibition

Protein-protein interaction map of the MS-identified proteins.

<p>Protein IDs obtained upon MS-based identification of spots of interest were uploaded to String 8.3 for protein-protein interaction mapping. High degree nodes (GAPDH and VCP) and three main clusters of proteins (right, bottom-left, upper-left) were individuated.</p