Nickel-Catalyzed Deoxygenative Amidation of Alcohols with Carbamoyl Chlorides

We report a deoxygenative amidation reaction of alcohols with carbamoyl chlorides to afford amides through nickel–photoredox dual catalysis. Good to excellent yields can be obtained even for diverse complex sugar and steroid derivatives. The reaction is scalable, and the synthetic utility of the reaction was demonstrated by the homologation of alcohols to deliver several important γ-amino alcohols and a synthetically challenging bioactive compound intermediate

Quality of gibberellin wastewater.

<p>Quality of gibberellin wastewater.</p

Bacterial community analysis of anoxic/aeration (A/O) system in a combined process for gibberellin wastewater treatment

<div><p>Gibberellin wastewater cannot be directly discharged without treatment due to its high concentrations of sulfate and organic compounds and strong acidity. Therefore, multi-stage anaerobic bioreactor + micro-aerobic+ anoxic/aeration (A/O) + biological contact oxidation combined processes are used to treat gibberellin wastewater. However, knowledge of the treatment effects of the A/O process and bacterial community structure in the aeration tank reactors of such systems is sparse. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the treatment effects and operation of the A/O process on gibberellin wastewater, as well as changes in the bacterial community structure of activated sludge in the aeration tank during treatment. Moreover, removal was examined based on evaluation of effluent after A/O treatment. Although influent chemical oxygen demand (COD), NH₃-N and total phosphorus (TP) fluctuated, effluent COD, NH₃-N and TP remained stable. Moreover, average COD, NH₃-N and TP removal efficiency were 68.41%, 93.67% and 45.82%, respectively, during the A/O process. At the phylum level, <i>Proteobacteria</i> was the dominant phylum in all samples, followed by <i>Chloroflexi</i>, <i>Bacteroidetes</i> and <i>Actinobacteria</i>. <i>Proteobacteria</i> played an important role in the removal of organic matter. <i>Chloroflexi</i> was found to be responsible for the degradation of carbohydrates and <i>Bacteroidetes</i> also had been found to be responsible for the degradation of complex organic matters. <i>Actinobacteria</i> are able to degrade a variety of environmental chemicals. Additionally, <i>Anaerolineaceae_</i>uncultured was the major genus in samples collected on May 25, 2015, while <i>Novosphingobium</i> and <i>Nitrospira</i> were dominant in most samples. <i>Nitrosomonas</i> are regarded as the dominant ammonia-oxidizing bacteria, while <i>Nitrospira</i> are the main nitrite-oxidizing bacteria. Bacterial community structure varied considerably with time, and a partial Mantel test showed a highly significant positive correlation between bacterial community structure and DO. The bacterial community structure was also positively correlated with temperature and SO₄^2-.</p></div

Process flow of wastewater treatment.

<p>Process flow of wastewater treatment.</p

Correspondence canonical analysis (CCA) diagrams with bacterial community structure and operational conditions.

<p>(a) at phylum level (b) at genus level.</p

Removal of NH₃-N by A/O processes.

<p>Removal of NH₃-N by A/O processes.</p

Removal of TP by A/O processes.

<p>Removal of TP by A/O processes.</p

Taxonomic compositions of bacterial communities at the genus level in each sample retrieved from Illumina MiSeq pyrosequencing.

<p>Taxonomic compositions of bacterial communities at the genus level in each sample retrieved from Illumina MiSeq pyrosequencing.</p

Heat map of top 10 genera in each sample.

<p>A total of 47 genera were selected from 12 samples. The color intensity in each panel shows the percentage of a genus in a sample based on the color key at the bottom of the figure.</p

Diversity indices from 12 samples.

<p>Diversity indices from 12 samples.</p