2 research outputs found

    Esindusinstitutsioonide rolli ĂŒmberhindamine radikaalse demokraatia teoorias: demokraatliku identiteedi konstrueerimise Ă”ppetunnid LĂ€tist

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    KĂ€esolev vĂ€itekiri panustab poliitilise esindatuse kontseptuaalsesse diskussiooni, osundades teatud puudujÀÀkidele postfundamentalistlikus teoorias ja illustreerides seda LĂ€ti juhtumiuuringu kaudu. Doktoritöö uurib kodanike vÔÔrandumist oma poliitilistest esindajatest ning usaldamatust nende vastu radikaalse demokraatia vaatenurgast. Radikaalsed teoreetikud peavad neid probleeme neoliberaalse demokraatia kriisi tagajĂ€rgedeks ja pooldavad uute kollektiivsete subjektsuste kujunemist, mis vastustaks olemasolevad hegemooniad. Selle lĂ€henemise silmapaistvaks esindajaks on Ernesto Laclau ja tema koostöös Chantal Mouffe’iga vĂ€lja arendatud populismi kontseptsioon ning hegemooniateooria. Doktoritöö analĂŒĂŒsib kriitiliselt esindusinstitutsioonide rolli Laclau töödes, kĂ€sitledes seda LĂ€ti juhtumi kontekstis, kus jĂ€rjepidev valitsusvastane ja „rahva“-meelne diskursus ei ole suutnud tuua muutusi poliitilisele maastikule. LĂ€ti demokraatliku identiteedi konstrueerimine on toimunud hoopis esindusinstitutsioonide eitamise ja esindatuse tĂ”rjumise kaudu, samas rĂ”hutades „rahva“ demokraatlikku suverÀÀnsust, mis tuleks saavutada otsedemokraatia kaudu. LĂ€ti riigi ja rahvuse pikaajalise diskursiivse konstrueerimise analĂŒĂŒsiga nĂ€idatakse, kuidas „rahva“ poliitiline subjektsus on moodustunud kas isolatsioonis vĂ”i otseses vastuseisus esindusinstitutsioonidega nagu parlament, poliitilised parteid ja valitsus. LĂ€ti juhtum kinnitab demokraatlikus teoorias laialt levinud skeptitsismi otsedemokraatia kui esindusdemokraatia hĂ€dade parandaja suhtes. Samal ajal on see juhtum vastukaaluks paljudele radikaalse demokraatia suuna esindajatele omasele kriitikale, mille kohaselt on poliitilised institutsioonid pelgalt liberaalse demokraatia instrumentideks. Selle asemel vĂ”tab kĂ€esolev uurimus omaks Claude Lefort'i vaate demokraatliku vĂ”imu kohast (mis on institutsionaalselt mÀÀratletud) ja kasutab LĂ€ti juhtumit, nĂ€itamaks institutsioonide normatiivset ja praktilist vÀÀrtust demokraatia toimimise ja pĂŒsimajÀÀmise seisukohast. "Rahva" oletatava vahetu kohalolu ja "rahva" institutsionaalse kehastuse vahelise esindatuse "lĂ”he" eitamine raskendab demokraatliku identiteedi ĂŒlesehitamist LĂ€tis. Lefort'i jaoks on esindusinstitutsioonid peamiseks mehhanismiks, mis seda lĂ”het taastoodab. Doktoritöö kinnitab taas kord ja tĂ”stab esile esindusinstitutsioonide sĂŒmboolset rolli radikaalse demokraatia teoorias. Lisaks avab doktoritöö uusi mĂ”ttesuundi demokraatlikust siirdest postkommunistlikus kontekstis. Levinumad teaduslikud kĂ€sitlused pigem ĂŒlehindavad kultuuriliste ja ajalooliste tegurite rolli Ida-Euroopas ning eeldavad hierarhilise suhte olemasolu Ida-Euroopa ja LÀÀne demokraatiate vahel. Piirkonna kultuurilised eripĂ€rad vĂ”ivad tĂ”epoolest aidata mĂ”ista seal esinevat rahulolematust demokraatiaga, kuid neid kultuurilisi eripĂ€rasid tuleb vaadelda kui identiteedi muutuvaid enesekĂ€sitlusi, mitte kui monoliitseid plokke, milles poliitilised identiteedid on ette mÀÀratud. Doktoritöö vĂ€idab, et demokraatlike institutsioonide sĂŒmboolse rolli kĂ€sitlused vajavad vĂ€rskendamist – need peaksid arvesse vĂ”tma olemasolevate poliitiliste sĂŒsteemide radikaalset kriitikat ja pakkuma uusi esindusinstitutsioonide vorme, tulemaks toime demokraatia nĂŒĂŒdisaegsete vĂ€ljakutsetega.This dissertation contributes to the conceptual debate on political representation by identifying certain significant blind spots in post-foundational theory and illustrating this with an empirical case study of Latvia. It explores citizens’ alienation from and mistrust of their political representatives from radical democratic perspectives. Radical theorists view these issues as resulting from the crisis of neoliberal democracy and argue for the formation of new collective subjectivities that would challenge the existing hegemonies. A notable example of this position is Ernesto Laclau’s conceptualization of populism and the theory of hegemony he developed with Chantal Mouffe. The dissertation critically examines the role of representative institutions in Laclau’s work, drawing on the case of Latvia, where continuous anti-government and pro-‘people’ discourse has not brought any substantial change to the political landscape. Instead, Latvian democratic identity construction is defined by the negation of representative institutions and the rejection of representation while embracing the democratic sovereignty of ‘the people’, to be achieved via direct democracy. Through a long-durĂ©e analysis of the discursive construction of the Latvian nation and state, I show how the political subjectivity of ‘the people’ has been constituted either in isolation or in direct antagonism to representative institutions such as the parliament, political parties, and the government. Latvia’s case confirms the widespread scepticism in democratic theory about direct democracy being a corrective to the ills of representative democracy. At the same time, it counters the criticism, typical for many radical democratic perspectives, of political institutions being instruments of liberal democracy. Instead, this study adopts Claude Lefort’s view of the democratic place of power (institutionally defined), and uses the case of Latvia to demonstrate the normative and practical value of institutions for the functioning and survival of democracy. The rejection of the representative ‘gap’ between the presumed unmediated presence of ‘the people’ and its embodiment through institutions complicates the construction of a democratic identity in Latvia. For Lefort, representative institutions are the key mechanism for explaining how this gap remains open. The dissertation thus re-states and highlights the symbolic role of representative institutions in radical democratic theory. Furthermore, the dissertation opens new ways of thinking about democratic transition in the post-communist context. The dominant scholarly perspectives risk overstating the role of cultural and historical factors in Eastern Europe by assuming its hierarchal relation to Western democracies. The cultural specifics of the region can indeed help to understand its democratic discontents, but they must be viewed as shifting self-representations of identity, not monolithic blocks that pre-determine political identities. Overall, the dissertation argues for a revitalized perspective on the symbolic role of institutions in democracy, which should consider the radical critiques of existing political systems and envision new forms of representative institutions to tackle the contemporary challenges to democracy.https://www.ester.ee/record=b553373

    Mapping the Scope of China’s Soft Power in Estonia

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    This article examines China’s soft power in Estonia since the launch of the Belt and Road Initiative in 2013. Findings have suggested that while Beijing’s domestic political values do not inform its projection of soft power, the Estonian government and general public perceive China mainly through the prism of its state-centric governance model and consequently view most of China’s deployment of supposedly “soft” power as sharp
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