In-silico Characterization of ICE1 Transcriptional Factor in Cold Signalling Network in Mungbean (Vigna radiata L.)

Aim: Mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) is a leguminous crop with high rich of protein and susceptible to cold stress. In silico characterization of ICE1, a cold tolerant transcriptional factor in Vigna radiata and transcriptional regulatory network with other species of Vigna and with special refrence to legume crops. Methodology: Genomic sequences of Vigna radiata, V. angularis and V. unguculata and other leguminous crops were retrieved from NCBI (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) and used for multiple sequence alignment, Phylogenetic and comparative analysis of ICE1 protein and motif analysis. Results: The present study showed that Vigna radiata ICE1 (VrICE1) gene was closely related to VaICE1 gene (Vigna angularis) and then VuICE1 gene (Vigna unguiculata). The study also revealed that the bHLH domain region (247-298aa) was the low complexity region and co-localization signals of V.radiataICE1. There were a similarities and dissimilarities of the ICE1 protein isoforms in V.radiata. It was noted that VrICE1 had a average of hydropathicity (GRAVY) of -0.593 in one and -0.6 in other. An instability index of 64.58 and 64.90. VrICE1 had a higher percentage of non-polar amino acid content and more number of random coils followed by alpha helix in secondary structure. The study also revealed that there was major involvement of VrICE1 proteins in biological and molecular functions under cold stress. Conclusion: The bioinformatics tools help researchers in getting information with regard to the functional aspect of the gene with respect to cold tolerance. A comprehensive analysis of the different physical and chemical properties of Vigna species could help us to identify their diversified usefulness

Morphological Characterization and Germination-Based Screening for Cold Stress Response of Vigna radiata L.

Aims: Morphological characterization and germination based screening for cold stress response of  Vigna radiata, was performed to identify the cold resistant genotypes. Methodology: Augmented design experiment was performed to characterize 204 mungbean genotypes under field condition based on 24 DUS characterization. A germination-based screening at 10°C was performed in a total of 204 germplasms in a plant growth chamber to identify the cold responsive genotypes. Seeds were soaked in water for 6h in the dark under normal temperature and imposed cold stress (100C) for 2, 4, 6, 8 days and further transferred to control temperature  (220C) for  recovery. Results: On the basis of the 24 DUS characterizations of 204 mungbean genotypes are classified into three major clusters.  Highest number of genotypes in cluster I (113 genotypes), followed by 81 genotypes in cluster II and least number (10) of genotypes in cluster III. Based on cold stress study  and biplot analysis showed that germination percentage, germination rate index, Timson’s index, mean germination time and coefficient of velocity of germination to be more influential and  categorized into three groups having 11 genotypes are resistant, 135 genotypes are susceptible, and 58 genotypes are intermediate.  Biochemical analysis showed that the tolerant genotype having increased chlorophyll, carotenoid and MDA content and oxidative enzyme activity as compared with susceptible and intermediate genotypes under cold stress.  Conclusion: The present study identified 11 genotypes having cold resistant and may be used for breeding program

Cold Tolerance Mechanisms in Mungbean (<i>Vigna radiata</i> L.) Genotypes during Germination

Mungbean or greengram (Vigna radiata) is an important legume crop well known for its high protein with nitrogen-fixing abilities. However, the severe yield loss in mungbean occurs due to susceptibility to low temperatures at all stages of plant growth including germination and is a serious concern for its cultivation and productivity. To select cold-tolerant genotypes, a germination-based screening at 10 °C was performed in a total of 204 germplasms. The study showed that cold stress of the initial 8-days during seedling establishment imposed a negative impact throughout the life of mungbean genotypes, which were reflected in the vegetative and reproductive phase (plant height, days to 50% flowering and pods/plant, seeds/pod, yield/plant, and 100-seed weight). The biplot analysis showed that parameters such as germination rate index, Timson’s index, mean germination time, and coefficient of the velocity of germination are the key influential germination parameters for identifying cold tolerance in the seedling stage. Identified cold-tolerant genotype (PAU911) retained higher rootlet number, leaf area, and increased chlorophyll, carotenoid, and malondialdehyde (MDA) content at 10 °C. Based on the confocal microscopic study, it is noticed that the stomatal density, open pore percentage, and trichome density were significant differences in seedlings exposed to cold stress as compared to non-stress. On the basis of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) analysis, it is observed that a new protein identified as TETRATRICOPEPTIDE-REPEAT THIOREDOXIN-LIKE1 (TTL1) (UNIPROT Identifier: LOC106762419) which highly correlated with the cold stress response of in the cold-tolerant genotype. Our study identifies a noble member, TTL1, whose expression has a positive role in cold tolerance response at the protein level in V. radiata. This study will help breeding programs with regard to the sustainable growth of mungbean

Exploring the potential of mung bean: From domestication and traditional selection to modern genetic and genomic technologies in a changing world

The genus Vigna comprises very ancient pulse crops originating from Africa and Asia. The complex history and domestication of this genus are just being unraveled by help of genome sequence information. Here, we review the utilization and promising improvement strategies for mung bean (Vigna radiata), which is among the major crops in this group. It is an important legume species that is widely cultivated and consumed in many parts of the world, particularly in Asia. This crop is known for its high nutritional value, drought tolerance, and short growth cycle, which makes it suitable for cultivation in various agro-ecological zones. Despite its importance, mung bean production is often curtailed by various biotic and abiotic factors which significantly limit its yield and quality. In recent years, there has been an increased research interest in mung bean, particularly in the areas of genetic improvement, agronomy, and post-harvest management. Advances in genomic tools, molecular breeding, and biotechnology have provided new opportunities for developing improved mung bean varieties with desirable traits such as high yield, disease resistance and enhanced nutritional quality. In this review, we discuss recent developments and findings on mung bean, with a focus on genetic improvement and agronomy. We highlight the importance of developing improved varieties that are adapted to specific agro-ecological zones and resistant to biotic and abiotic stresses. Overall, mung bean research is relevant for addressing the challenges in agricultural production and food security, particularly in the context of sustainable food production in changing climate