Magnetocaloric properties of (RE)3_3Ga5_5O12_{12} (RE=Tb,Gd,Nd,Dy)

We report the characteristic magnetic properties of several members of the rare earth garnet family, Gd$_3$Ga$_5$O$_{12}$ (GGG), Dy$_3$Ga$_5$O$_{12}$ (DGG), Tb$_3$Ga$_5$O$_{12}$ (TGG), and Nd$_3$Ga$_5$O$_{12}$ (NGG), and compare their relative potential utility for magnetocaloric cooling, including their minimal adiabatic demagnetisation refrigeration (ADR) temperatures and relative cooling parameters. A main objective of this work was to find potential improvements over the magnetocaloric properties of GGG for use in low temperature ADR cryostats. Using Tb$^{+3}$ and Dy$^{+3}$ in the RE-site offers in principle higher saturation magnetisation and Nd$^{+3}$ gives a lower de Gennes factor and therefore potentially low transition temperature. Our results show that Dy$_3$Ga$_5$O$_{12}$ yields an optimal relative cooling parameter ($RCP$) at low applied fields and a low transition temperature, which would allow for the design of more efficient ADR cryostats.Comment: 10 pages, 10 figures, submitted to Physical Review Applie

Optimized signal deduction procedure for the MIEZE neutron spectroscopy technique

We report a method to determine the phase and amplitude of sinusoidally modulated event rates, binned into 4 bins per oscillation. The presented algorithm relies on a reconstruction of the unknown parameters. It omits a calculation intensive fitting procedure and avoids contrast reduction due to averaging effects. It allows the current data acquisition bottleneck to be relaxed by a factor of 4. Here, we explain the approach in detail and compare it to the established fitting procedures of time series having 4 and 16 time bins per oscillation. In addition we present the empirical estimates of the errors of the three methods and compare them to each other. We show that the reconstruction is unbiased, asymptotic, and efficient for estimating the phase. Reconstructing the contrast, which corresponds to the amplitude of the modulation, is roughly 10% less efficient than fitting 16 time binned oscillations. Finally, we give analytical equations to estimate the error for phase and contrast as a function of their initial values and counting statistics.Comment: 14 pages, 5 figures, submitted to IOP Measurement Science and Technolog

Correlation between bulk thermodynamic measurements and the low temperature resistance plateau in SmB6

Topological insulators are materials characterized by dissipationless, spin-polarized surface states resulting from non-trivial band topologies. Recent theoretical models and experiments suggest that SmB6 is the first topological Kondo insulator, in which the topologically non-trivial band structure results from electron-electron interactions via Kondo hybridization. Here, we report that the surface conductivity of SmB6 increases systematically with bulk carbon content. Further, addition of carbon is linked to an increase in n-type carriers, larger low temperature electronic contributions to the specific heat with a characteristic temperature scale of T* = 17 K, and a broadening of the crossover to the insulating state. Additionally, X-ray absorption spectroscopy shows a change in Sm valence at the surface. Our results highlight the importance of phonon dynamics in producing a Kondo insulating state and demonstrate a correlation between the bulk thermodynamic state and low temperature resistance of SmB6

Magnetic excitations of the Cu2+^{2+} quantum spin chain in Sr3_3CuPtO6_6

We report the magnetic excitation spectrum as measured by inelastic neutron scattering for a polycrystalline sample of Sr$_3$CuPtO$_6$. Modeling the data by the 2+4 spinon contributions to the dynamical susceptibility within the chains, and with interchain coupling treated in the random phase approximation, accounts for the major features of the powder-averaged structure factor. The magnetic excitations broaden considerably as temperature is raised, persisting up to above 100 K and displaying a broad transition as previously seen in the susceptibility data. No spin gap is observed in the dispersive spin excitations at low momentum transfer, which is consistent with the gapless spinon continuum expected from the coordinate Bethe ansatz. However, the temperature dependence of the excitation spectrum gives evidence of some very weak interchain coupling.Comment: 9 pages, 5 figure

Fluorescent carbon dioxide indicators

Over the last decade, fluorescence has become the dominant tool in biotechnology and medical imaging. These exciting advances have been underpinned by the advances in time-resolved techniques and instrumentation, probe design, chemical / biochemical sensing, coupled with our furthered knowledge in biology. Complementary volumes 9 and 10, Advanced Concepts of Fluorescence Sensing: Small Molecule Sensing and Advanced Concepts of Fluorescence Sensing: Macromolecular Sensing, aim to summarize the current state of the art in fluorescent sensing. For this reason, Drs. Geddes and Lakowicz have invited chapters, encompassing a broad range of fluorescence sensing techniques. Some chapters deal with small molecule sensors, such as for anions, cations, and CO2, while others summarize recent advances in protein-based and macromolecular sensors. The Editors have, however, not included DNA or RNA based sensing in this volume, as this were reviewed in Volume 7 and is to be the subject of a more detailed volume in the near future

Frustrated Magnetism in Mott Insulating (V1−x_{1-x}Crx_x)2_2O3_3

V2O3 famously features all four combinations of paramagnetic vs antiferromagnetic, and metallic vs insulating states of matter in response to %-level doping, pressure in the GPa range, and temperature below 300 K. Using time-of-flight neutron spectroscopy combined with density functional theory calculations of magnetic interactions, we have mapped and analyzed the inelastic magnetic neutron scattering cross section over a wide range of energy and momentum transfer in the chromium stabilized antiferromagnetic and paramagnetic insulating phases (AFI & PI). Our results reveal an important magnetic frustration and degeneracy of the PI phase which is relieved by the rhombohedral to monoclinic transition at $T_N=185$ K due to a significant magneto-elastic coupling. This leads to the recognition that magnetic frustration is an inherent property of the paramagnetic phase in $\rm (V_{1-x}Cr_x)_2O_3$ and plays a key role in suppressing the magnetic long range ordering temperature and exposing a large phase space for the paramagnetic Mott metal-insulator transition to occur.Comment: 16 pages, 11 figure