1,078 research outputs found
Quantum Dynamics as an analog of Conditional Probability
Quantum theory can be regarded as a non-commutative generalization of
classical probability. From this point of view, one expects quantum dynamics to
be analogous to classical conditional probabilities. In this paper, a variant
of the well-known isomorphism between completely positive maps and bipartite
density operators is derived, which makes this connection much more explicit.
The new isomorphism is given an operational interpretation in terms of
statistical correlations between ensemble preparation procedures and outcomes
of measurements. Finally, the isomorphism is applied to elucidate the
connection between no-cloning/no-broadcasting theorems and the monogamy of
entanglement, and a simplified proof of the no-broadcasting theorem is obtained
as a byproduct.Comment: 16 pages, 3 figures. v2 Presentation greatly improved, references
updated and typos fixe
"It from bit" and the quantum probability rule
I argue that, on the subjective Bayesian interpretation of probability, "it
from bit" requires a generalization of probability theory. This does not get us
all the way to the quantum probability rule because an extra constraint, known
as noncontextuality, is required. I outline the prospects for a derivation of
noncontextuality within this approach and argue that it requires a realist
approach to physics, or "bit from it". I then explain why this does not
conflict with "it from bit". This version of the essay includes an addendum
responding to the open discussion that occurred on the FQXi website. It is
otherwise identical to the version submitted to the contest.Comment: First prize winner of 2013 fqxi.org essay contest, "It from bit, or
bit from it?". See http://fqxi.org/community/forum/topic/1938 and links
therein. v1: LaTeX 10 pages v2: 14 pages. Updated for publication in Springer
Frontiers Collection volum
Conditional Density Operators and the Subjectivity of Quantum Operations
Assuming that quantum states, including pure states, represent subjective
degrees of belief rather than objective properties of systems, the question of
what other elements of the quantum formalism must also be taken as subjective
is addressed. In particular, we ask this of the dynamical aspects of the
formalism, such as Hamiltonians and unitary operators. Whilst some operations,
such as the update maps corresponding to a complete projective measurement,
must be subjective, the situation is not so clear in other cases. Here, it is
argued that all trace preserving completely positive maps, including unitary
operators, should be regarded as subjective, in the same sense as a classical
conditional probability distribution. The argument is based on a reworking of
the Choi-Jamiolkowski isomorphism in terms of "conditional" density operators
and trace preserving completely positive maps, which mimics the relationship
between conditional probabilities and stochastic maps in classical probability.Comment: 10 Pages, Work presented at "Foundations of Probability and
Physics-4", Vaxjo University, June 4-9 200
Logical pre- and post-selection paradoxes are proofs of contextuality
If a quantum system is prepared and later post-selected in certain states,
"paradoxical" predictions for intermediate measurements can be obtained. This
is the case both when the intermediate measurement is strong, i.e. a projective
measurement with Luders-von Neumann update rule, or with weak measurements
where they show up in anomalous weak values. Leifer and Spekkens
[quant-ph/0412178] identified a striking class of such paradoxes, known as
logical pre- and post-selection paradoxes, and showed that they are indirectly
connected with contextuality. By analysing the measurement-disturbance required
in models of these phenomena, we find that the strong measurement version of
logical pre- and post-selection paradoxes actually constitute a direct
manifestation of quantum contextuality. The proof hinges on under-appreciated
features of the paradoxes. In particular, we show by example that it is not
possible to prove contextuality without Luders-von Neumann updates for the
intermediate measurements, nonorthogonal pre- and post-selection, and 0/1
probabilities for the intermediate measurements. Since one of us has recently
shown that anomalous weak values are also a direct manifestation of
contextuality [arXiv:1409.1535], we now know that this is true for both
realizations of logical pre- and post-selection paradoxes.Comment: In Proceedings QPL 2015, arXiv:1511.0118
Maximally epistemic interpretations of the quantum state and contextuality
We examine the relationship between quantum contextuality (in both the
standard Kochen-Specker sense and in the generalised sense proposed by
Spekkens) and models of quantum theory in which the quantum state is maximally
epistemic. We find that preparation noncontextual models must be maximally
epistemic, and these in turn must be Kochen-Specker noncontextual. This implies
that the Kochen-Specker theorem is sufficient to establish both the
impossibility of maximally epistemic models and the impossibility of
preparation noncontextual models. The implication from preparation
noncontextual to maximally epistemic then also yields a proof of Bell's theorem
from an EPR-like argument.Comment: v1: 4 pages, revTeX4.1, some overlap with arXiv:1207.7192. v2:
Changes in response to referees including revised proof of theorem 1, more
rigorous discussion of measure theoretic assumptions and extra introductory
materia
The non-Abelian state-dependent gauge field in optics
The covariant formulation of the quantum dynamics in CP(1) should lead to the
observable geometrodynamical effects for the local dynamical variable of the
light polarization states.Comment: 8 pages, 3 figures, LaTe
PBR, EPR, and All That Jazz
In the past couple of months, the quantum foundations world has been abuzz about a new preprint entitled The Quantum State Cannot be Interpreted Statistically by Matt Pusey, Jon Barrett and Terry Rudolph (henceforth known as PBR). Since I wrote a blog post explaining the result, I have been inundated with more correspondence from scientists and more requests for comment from science journalists than at any other point in my career. Reaction to the result amongst quantum researchers has been mixed, with many people reacting negatively to the title, which can be misinterpreted as an attack on the Born rule. Others have managed to read past the title, but are still unsure whether to credit the result with any fundamental significance. In this article, I would like to explain why I think that the PBR result is the most significant constraint on hidden variable theories that has been proved to date. It provides a simple proof of many other known theorems, and it supercharges the EPR argument, converting it into a rigorous proof of nonlocality that has the same status as Bell\u27s theorem. Before getting to this though, we need to understand the PBR result itself
Uncertainty from the Aharonov-Vaidman Identity
In this article, I show how the Aharonov-Vaidman identity can be used to
prove relations between the standard deviations of observables in quantum
mechanics. In particular, I review how it leads to a more direct and less
abstract proof of the Robertson uncertainty relation than
the textbook proof. I discuss the relationship between these two proofs and
show how the Cauchy-Schwarz inequality can be derived from the Aharonov-Vaidman
identity. I give Aharonov-Vaidman based proofs of the Maccone-Pati uncertainty
relations and I show how the Aharonov-Vaidman identity can be used to handle
propagation of uncertainty in quantum mechanics. Finally, I show how the
Aharonov-Vaidman identity can be extended to mixed states and discuss how to
generalize the results to the mixed case.Comment: 31 pages, 1 figure, pdfLaTe
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