55 research outputs found
Bringing Empathy into Play: On the Effects of Empathy in Violent and Nonviolent Video Games
While violent media has adverse effects on cognition, emotion and behavior, prosocial content promotes these variables in a prosocial way. Greater individual levels of empathy as well as increasing the level of empathy in media content typically foster prosocial behavior and reduce aggression. Two experiments replicated game content findings, and also showed that inducing empathy prior to a video game had a positive influence on behavior. However, under certain circumstances, inducing empathy before playing a violent video game may even have negative effects on behavior. As empathy is a common tool in prevention programs, the implications of these findings are discussed
Autobiographical memory and hierarchical search strategies in depressed and non-depressed participants
Background: There is a growing body of literature showing individuals with depression and other trauma-related disorders (e.g., posttraumatic stress disorder) recall more overgeneral and less specific autobiographical memories compared to normal participants. Although the mechanisms underlying overgeneral memory are quite clear, the search strategy operated within the autobiographical knowledge base, at time of recollection, requires further exploration. The current study aimed to examine the hierarchical search sequence used to recall autobiographical memories in depressed and non-depressed participants, with a view to determining whether depressed participants exhibited truncated search strategies. Methods: Thirteen depressed and an equal number of non-depressed participants retrieved 15 memories each, in response to 15 commonly used cue words. Participants reported the first memory that entered in their mind. All memory descriptions were recorded and later transcribed verbatim for content analysis.Results: Depressed participants retrieved autobiographical memories faster, produced shorter memory descriptions and were less likely to recall positive memories than non-depressed participants. Non-depressed participants were more likely to commence retrieval by accessing lifetime period knowledge followed by general event and event specific knowledge, whereas depressed participants showed a tendency to terminate retrieval at the general event level. Conclusions: It is concluded that depressed participants do adhere to the same hierarchical search strategy as non-depressed participants when retrieving specific autobiographical memories, but that they terminate their search early, resulting in overgeneral memories
A Fear-Inducing Odor Alters PER2 and c-Fos Expression in Brain Regions Involved in Fear Memory
Evidence demonstrates that rodents learn to associate a foot shock with time of day, indicating the formation of a fear related time-stamp memory, even in the absence of a functioning SCN. In addition, mice acquire and retain fear memory better during the early day compared to the early night. This type of memory may be regulated by circadian pacemakers outside of the SCN. As a first step in testing the hypothesis that clock genes are involved in the formation of a time-stamp fear memory, we exposed one group of mice to fox feces derived odor (TMT) at ZT 0 and one group at ZT 12 for 4 successive days. A separate group with no exposure to TMT was also included as a control. Animals were sacrificed one day after the last exposure to TMT, and PER2 and c-Fos protein were quantified in the SCN, amygdala, hippocampus, and piriform cortex. Exposure to TMT had a strong effect at ZT 0, decreasing PER2 expression at this time point in most regions except the SCN, and reversing the normal rhythm of PER2 expression in the amygdala and piriform cortex. These changes were accompanied by increased c-Fos expression at ZT0. In contrast, exposure to TMT at ZT 12 abolished the rhythm of PER2 expression in the amygdala. In addition, increased c-Fos expression at ZT 12 was only detected in the central nucleus of the amygdala in the TMT12 group. TMT exposure at either time point did not affect PER2 or c-Fos in the SCN, indicating that under a light-dark cycle, the SCN rhythm is stable in the presence of repeated exposure to a fear-inducing stimulus. Taken together, these results indicate that entrainment to a fear-inducing stimulus leads to changes in PER2 and c-Fos expression that are detected 24 hours following the last exposure to TMT, indicating entrainment of endogenous oscillators in these regions. The observed effects on PER2 expression and c-Fos were stronger during the early day than during the early night, possibly to prepare appropriate systems at ZT 0 to respond to a fear-inducing stimulus
Efeitos cardiorrespiratĂłrios da metadona, pelas vias intramuscular e intravenosa, em cadelas submetidas Ă ovariossalpingo-histerectomia
Von der Sozialhilfe zur Mindestsicherung : ein Vergleich der Implementierung in den BundeslĂ€ndern Oberösterreich und Steiermark ; eine Studie im Auftrag des Bundesministeriums fĂŒr Arbeit, Soziales und Konsumentenschutz (BMASK) sowie der LĂ€nder Oberösterreich und Steiermark
»Einsam . . . erinnert mich an mich selbst, an mein Leben« â zum autobiographischen GedĂ€chtnis bei der Borderline- Persönlichkeitsstörung
An welcher Stelle lag die archaisch-klassische Siedlung von Ephesos? Neue Ăberlegungen zur archĂ€ologischen und literarischen Evidenz
Anders als in der Forschung wird die archaisch-klassische Siedlung von Ephesos, welche nach der militĂ€rischen Intervention des König Kroisos nach 560 v. Chr. entstand, nicht am Ayasoluk oder in der Ebene beim Artemision lokalisiert, sondern im Bereich der hellenistisch-römischen Stadtanlage. Nach einem kurzen Abriss der historischen Ausgangslage, bildet die eingehende BeschĂ€ftigung mit der archaischen Prozessionsstrasse von Ephesos den Ausgangspunkt. Diese Heilige Strasse verband â in Analogie zu den im selben zeitlichen und geographischen Horizont angelegten sakralen Strassenachsen auf Samos und zwischen Milet und Didyma â wohl ebenfalls die Polis mit dem wichtigsten extraurbanen Heiligtum, dem Artemision.
Dadurch soll aufgezeigt werden, dass sich bei einer Lokalisierung der archaisch-klassischen Siedlung im Bereich der hellenistisch-römischen Stadtanlage eine vollkommen andere und bessere Ausgangslage fĂŒr die Interpretation der schriftlichen und archĂ€ologischen Quellen ergibt und damit die Forschung bezĂŒglich der endgĂŒltigen KlĂ€rung dieser Frage eine wesentliche Aufgabe noch vor sich hat
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