Puerarin induced cytochrome c release and caspase-9 activation in hypoxic but not normoxic HPASMCs.

<p>A) Cytochrome c distribution. COXIV and GAPDH detection were used to determine the purity of the cytoplasmic fraction and to control for equal protein loading. B) Caspase-9 activity. * <i>P</i><0.05 vs. the N group; # <i>P</i><0.05 vs. the H group; n = 3.</p

Puerarin increased Bax expression in hypoxic HPASMCs.

<p>Treated HPASMCs were assayed for Bax protein (A) and mRNA (B). * <i>P</i><0.05 vs. the N group; # <i>P</i><0.05 vs. the H group; n = 3.</p

HPASMCs morphology and cell growth.

<p>A) Typical “hill and valley” appearance of HPASMCs under phase contrast microscope. B) Immunofluorescent identification of α- smooth muscle actin was positive. C) Effect of hypoxia and puerarin on cell number. HPASMCs were cultured for 24 h in normoxia or hypoxia (5% O₂) with and without puerarin. Cell number was determined with a hemacytometer using 0.45% trypan blue. D) Cell viability was tested with CCK-8. E) Apoptosis was detected with a TUNEL assay. * <i>P</i><0.05 vs. the N group; # <i>P</i><0.05 vs. the H group; n = 3.</p

Puerarin decreased Bcl-2 expression in hypoxic HPASMCs.

<p>Treated HPASMCs were assayed for Bcl-2 protein (A) and mRNA (B). * <i>P</i><0.05 vs. the N group; # <i>P</i><0.05 vs. the H group; n = 3.</p

Characteristics of <i>S. enterica</i> Typhimurium isolates producing ESBLs.

<p>CTX: cefotaxime; CAZ: ceftazidime; SXT: trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole; TE: tetracycline; SAM: ampicillin plus sulbactam; AMP: ampicillin; CEC: cefaclor; TOB: tobramycin; CN: gentamicin; AMK: amikacin; TZP: piperacillin plus tazobactam; C: chloramphenicol.</p