Direct evidence for partial target specificity in lymphokine-activated killer thymocytes

Thymocytes were removed from mice at different times before and after birth, and their phenotype and killing repertoire were analysed after stimulation with human recombinant interleukin 2 (IL-2). Whereas three different tumour targets were killed by all lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) populations tested. EL4 lymphoma cells were only killed by LAK cells derived from thymocytes after, but not before, birth. Cold-target competition tests showed that LAK thymocytes recognized antigenic structures on EL4 cells that arc different from those on other tumour targets. Analysis of EL4 target killing after removal of different subsets from LAK cells revealed that the major part of this killing is exerted by CD8+ cells. Our findings are additional and more direct evidence for partial target specificity in LAK cells

Exploring scientific misconduct: isolated individuals, impure institutions, or an inevitable idiom of modern science?

This paper identifies three distinct narratives concerning scientific misconduct: a narrative of “individual impurity” promoted by those wishing to see science self-regulated; a narrative of “institutional impropriety” promoted by those seeking greater external control of science; and a narrative of “structural crisis” among those critiquing the entire process of research itself. The paper begins by assessing contemporary definitions and estimates of scientific misconduct. It emphasizes disagreements over such definitions and estimates as a way to tease out tension and controversy over competing visions of scientific research. It concludes by noting that each narrative suggests a different approach for resolving misconduct, and that the difference inherent in these views may help explain much of the discord concerning unethical behavior in the scientific community