Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in pre as well as postmenopausal women in a tertiary care center: A hospital based observational study

Background: Metabolic syndrome is a constellation of metabolic abnormalities and a complex  pre-disease  state that predicts future development of type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases. Epidemiologically it is observed that incidence of metabolic syndrome increases with age and more so in women once they attain menopause. Objectives: To study the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in pre as well as post-menopausal women and to study the various components of metabolic syndrome. Materials and Methods: We performed an observational study in a tertiary care teaching institute. Women attending general health checkup were selected for the study A total of 484 women were selected. 267 were in the postmenopausal group and 217 in premenopausal group. After a detailed collection of demographic data, medical, surgical, obstetrical and gynecological history, general physical and systemic examination was done. Height, weight, waist circumference were measured. BMI was calculated. Venous blood sample sent for fasting blood glucose, HDL, Triglycerides. Metabolic syndrome was diagnosed when three out of five parameters were found abnormal. Results: Metabolic syndrome was seen in 158 women (32.6%). Among these women, 118 (44.19%) were postmenopausal women and 40 (18.4%) were premenopausal. Postmenopausal women are at twice the risk of developing metabolic syndrome

Clinical analysis of ectopic pregnancies in a tertiary care centre

Background: An ectopic pregnancy occurs when a fertilized egg grows outside of the uterus.Almost all ectopic pregnancies more than 90% occur in a fallopian tube.As the pregnancy grows, it can cause the tube to rupture. A rupture can cause major internal bleeding. Objectives: to determine the incidence, clinical features, risk factors, treatment and outcomes associated with ectopic pregnancy in a tertiary level teaching hospital. Methods: The data was collected from the medical records section of the hospital. There were 162 cases of ectopic pregnancy diagnosed and treated in the hospital in the study period. Results: 40 patients with history of previous miscarriage had ectopic pregnancies (24.69%). Past history of undergoing lower segment caesarean section was observed in 35 patients (21.60%). Eight (4.9%) out of 162 patients had prior history of ectopic pregnancy. Prior history of tubectomy was seen in 21 (12.9%) patients. The triad of symptoms i.e. amenorrhoea, pain abdomen and per vaginal bleeding was found in only 53 patients (32.7%). The most common site of ectopic pregnancy was ampullary 110 (67.9%) followed by isthmic in 33 (20.3). Other rare sites of ectopic pregnancy noted in our study were 3 (1.8%) cases of caesarean scar pregnancy, one (0.6%) case of cervical pregnancy and 3 (1.8%) cases of ovarian pregnancies. 142 patients (87.65%) were primarily treated with various surgical procedures. Of these, 80 patients (49.38%) were treated with various open procedures, and 62 patients (38.2%) were treated with laparoscopic procedures. Of the 20 patients (12.34%) treated medically, 10 patients (6.17%) failed to respond to the treatment and had to undergo surgical procedure later. Anaemia was the most common complication and was seen in 57 patients (35.1%). Conclusion: Prevention of ectopic pregnancy is difficult because only few of the risk factors are modifiable. Tubal pathology carries the highest risks and pelvic inflammatory diseases plays a major role in tubal adhesions and obstruction. Physicians and patients awareness about the possibility and risk of extra and intra uterine gestation following all methods of sterilization is necessary

Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome in Pre as Well as Postmenopausal Women in A Tertiary Care CENTER: A Hospital Based Observational Study

Background: Metabolic syndrome is a constellation of metabolic abnormalities and a complex  pre-disease  state that predicts future development of type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases. Epidemiologically it is observed that incidence of metabolic syndrome increases with age and more so in women once they attain menopause. Objectives: To study the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in pre as well as post-menopausal women and to study the various components of metabolic syndrome. Materials and Methods: We performed an observational study in a tertiary care teaching institute. Women attending general health checkup were selected for the study A total of 484 women were selected. 267 were in the postmenopausal group and 217 in premenopausal group. After a detailed collection of demographic data, medical, surgical, obstetrical and gynecological history, general physical and systemic examination was done. Height, weight, waist circumference were measured. BMI was calculated. Venous blood sample sent for Fasting blood glucose, HDL, Triglycerides. Metabolic syndrome was diagnosed when three out of five parameters were found abnormal. Results: Metabolic syndrome was seen in 158 women (32.6%). Among these women, 118 (44.19%) were postmenopausal women and 40 (18.4%) were premenopausal. Postmenopausal women are at twice the risk of developing metabolic syndrome