63,937 research outputs found
Contactless electroreflectance, in the range of 20 K \u3c T \u3c 300 K, of freestanding wurtzite GaN prepared by hydride-vapor-phase epitaxy
We have performed a detailed contactless electroreflectance study of the interband excitonic transitions on both the Ga and N faces of a 200-μm-thick freestanding hydride-vapor-phase-epitaxy grown wurtzite GaN sample with low defect concentration in the temperature range between 20 and 300 K. The transition energies of the A, B, and C excitons and broadening parameters of the A and B excitons have been determined by least-square fits to the first derivative of a Lorentzian line shape. The energy positions and separations of the excitonic transitions in the sample reveal the existence of residual strain. At 20 K the broadening parameter of A exciton deduced for the Ga (5×105 dislocation cm−2) and N (1×107 dislocation cm−2) faces are 3 and 7 meV, respectively, indicating a lower defect concentration on the former face. The parameters that describe the temperature dependence of the interband transition energies of the A, B, and C excitons as well as the broadening function of the A and B features are evaluated. The results from an analysis of the temperature dependence of the broadening function of excitons A and B indicate that GaN exhibits a very large exciton-phonon coupling
Principles of Physical Layer Security in Multiuser Wireless Networks: A Survey
This paper provides a comprehensive review of the domain of physical layer
security in multiuser wireless networks. The essential premise of
physical-layer security is to enable the exchange of confidential messages over
a wireless medium in the presence of unauthorized eavesdroppers without relying
on higher-layer encryption. This can be achieved primarily in two ways: without
the need for a secret key by intelligently designing transmit coding
strategies, or by exploiting the wireless communication medium to develop
secret keys over public channels. The survey begins with an overview of the
foundations dating back to the pioneering work of Shannon and Wyner on
information-theoretic security. We then describe the evolution of secure
transmission strategies from point-to-point channels to multiple-antenna
systems, followed by generalizations to multiuser broadcast, multiple-access,
interference, and relay networks. Secret-key generation and establishment
protocols based on physical layer mechanisms are subsequently covered.
Approaches for secrecy based on channel coding design are then examined, along
with a description of inter-disciplinary approaches based on game theory and
stochastic geometry. The associated problem of physical-layer message
authentication is also introduced briefly. The survey concludes with
observations on potential research directions in this area.Comment: 23 pages, 10 figures, 303 refs. arXiv admin note: text overlap with
arXiv:1303.1609 by other authors. IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials,
201
Nuclear Chemical and Mechanical Instability and the Liquid-Gas Phase Transition in Nuclei
The thermodynamic properties of nuclei are studied in a mean field model
using a Skryme interaction. Properties of two component systems are
investigated over the complete range of proton fraction from a system of pure
neutrons to a system of only protons. Besides volume, symmetry, and Coulomb
effects we also include momentum or velocity dependent forces. Applications of
the results developed are then given which include nuclear mechanical and
chemical instability and an associated liquid/gas phase transition in two
component systems. The velocity dependence leads to further changes in the
coexistence curve and nuclear mechanical and chemical instability curves.Comment: 21 pages, 9 figures, Results are changed due to error in progra
Holographic interacting dark energy in the braneworld cosmology
We investigate a model of brane cosmology to find a unified description of
the radiation-matter-dark energy universe. It is of the interacting holographic
dark energy with a bulk-holographic matter . This is a five-dimensional
cold dark matter, which plays a role of radiation on the brane. Using the
effective equations of state instead of the
native equations of state , we show that this model
cannot accommodate any transition from the dark energy with to the phantom regime . Furthermore, the case of interaction between cold dark matter and
five dimensional cold dark matter is considered for completeness. Here we find
that the redshift of matter-radiation equality is the same order
as . Finally, we obtain
a general decay rate which is suitable for describing all interactions
including the interaction between holographic dark energy and cold dark matter.Comment: 17 pages, 4 figure
Anomalous Strength Characteristics of Tilt Grain Boundaries in Graphene
Using molecular dynamics simulations and first principles calculations, we
have studied the structure and mechanical strength of tilt grain boundaries in
graphene sheets that arise during CVD growth of graphene on metal substrates.
Surprisingly, we find that for tilt boundaries in the vicinity of both the
zig-zag and arm-chair orientations, large angle boundaries with a higher
density of 5-7 defect pairs are stronger than the low-angle boundaries which
are comprised of fewer defects per unit length. Interestingly, the trends in
our results cannot be explained by a continuum Griffith-type fracture mechanics
criterion, which predicts the opposite trend due to that fact that it does not
account for the critical bonds that are responsible for the failure mechanism.
We have identified the highly-strained bonds in the 7-member rings that lead to
the failure of the sheets, and we have found that large angle boundaries are
able to better accommodate the strained 7-rings. Our results provide guidelines
for designing growth methods to obtain grain boundary structures that can have
strengths close to that of pristine graphene
Stable fourfold configurations for small vacancy clusters in silicon from ab initio calculations
Using density-functional-theory calculations, we have identified new stable
configurations for tri-, tetra-, and penta-vacancies in silicon. These new
configurations consist of combinations of a ring-hexavacancy with three, two,
or one interstitial atoms, respectively, such that all atoms remain fourfold.
As a result, their formation energies are lower by 0.6, 1.0, and 0.6 eV,
respectively, than the ``part of a hexagonal ring'' configurations, believed up
to now to be the lowest-energy states
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