Coalminers, Arbitration and the Workplace

Historians who have asked "why it was the Australasian colonies opted to introduce a compulsory element into their dispute solving mechanisms have given broadly similar answer. Compulsion resulted from the conjunction of a particular stage of union development, a heightened predisposition towards what might be called liberal rationality or a belief in the possibility of resolving clashes of interest by negotiation. Commonly enough historians have also tended to concentrate upon the leadership or sponsorship of a particular individual. Thus the persistent advocacy of William Pember Reeves in New Zealand, C C Kingston in South Australia and B R Wise in New South Wales is often seen as critical to winning acceptance for the legislation. There is much to commend this general explanation for the adoption of a compulsory system of arbitration through out Australasia. It is an historical framework which Jim Holts Compulsory' arbitration in New Zealand endorses. It is when he turns to examine the evolution of the system that he widens our perspective. He stresses the subtle interplay between employers and unions, politicians and administrators and the Arbitration Court itself as each sought to respond to changing circumstances

SOIL CONSERVATION OR COMMODITY PROGRAMS: TRADE OFFS DURING THE TRANSITION TO DRYLAND CROP PRODUCTION

Predicted crop yields and wind erosion rates from a multi-year/multi-crop growth simulation model provided input into a multi-period recursive QP model to evaluate erosion implications during the transition to dryland crop production on the Texas Southern High Plains. Three farm-program participation options were considered in this study. Participation in an extension of the current farm program resulted in an increase in net returns and wind erosion rates above nonparticipation. Imposition of a soil loss limit without consideration of a flexible base option can significantly reduce discounted present values. Increasing risk aversion across producers affects crop mix selection which can result in lower per acre wind erosion rates for this particular region.Crop Production/Industries,

Efficient low-threshold lasers based on an erbium-doped holey fiber

We report experimental results on the continuous-wave lasers based on a small core erbium-doped holey fiber. In a simple Fabry-Perot-type cavity with high output coupling, we demonstrate low-threshold (0.55 mW) high slope-efficiency (57.3%) operation confirming both the quality and exceptionally high gain efficiency of the fiber. In an all-fiber ring cavity where the cavity loss is reduced, we show that it is possible to achieve a low-threshold laser with extremely wide tunability (>100 nm around 1550 nm). Our results illustrate some of the unique opportunities provided by active small core holey fibers

High-velocity, low-load and low-velocity, high load resistance exercise and their Influence on physiological outcomes, affective responses and functional performance in older adults

Exacerbated by physical inactivity, advancing age is characterised by sarcopenia, dynapenia, and a subsequent decline in functional performance. However, resistance exercise has demonstrated beneficial effects on these conditions in older adults. Subsequently, the aim of this thesis was to monitor physiological changes, affective responses, enjoyment and changes in maximal strength and functional performance when performing high-velocity, low-load (HVLL) and low-velocity, high-load (LVHL) resistance exercise. Study one validated the use of a command and metronome-based protocol, demonstrating that it could be used to produce either high or low movement velocities when performing resistance exercise. Study two examined the acute physiological responses to volume-load matched HVLL and LVHL. Results revealed no significant differences in blood lactate, heart rate, systolic blood pressure or diastolic blood pressure, suggesting HVLL and LVHL produce comparable physiological strain. Study three examined the acute affective responses and enjoyment of volume-load matched HVLL and LVHL. Rating of perceived exertion and fatigue were greater during LVHL compared to HVLL. Despite this, enjoyment was similarly high for HVLL and LVHL, meaning it is probable that both would have a positive effect on continued exercise behaviour. The fourth study extended this work over 10-weeks, and also examined affective responses between exercising once or twice-weekly. The findings were largely in agreement with study three, and affective responses were similar between exercise frequencies. Study five examined how frequency (once vs. twice-weekly) and mode (HVLL vs. LVHL) of resistance exercise influenced functional performance, maximal strength and body composition. Only LVHL twice-weekly significantly improved functional performance compared to the control group. However, within-condition analysis revealed that HVLL and LVHL performed once and/or twice-weekly, significantly improved aspects of maximal strength and functional performance in older adults. From the observations of these studies and the wider literature, it was concluded that whether utilising HVLL or LVHL, exercise professionals should ensure older adults experience sufficient intensity of effort whilst exercising. When the individual is ready, they should progress from minimal doses of resistance exercise to facilitate continued development of strength and functional performance, or at the very least, ensure current levels are maintained. Affective responses appeared to be analogous between HVLL and LVHL, however the role that social interaction, habitual physical activity levels and supervision played in producing these results, warrants further investigation

The Oxidation Of Samarium, Ytterbium And Europium Dichlorides In Acetic Acid Buffer Solution

The fifteen elements starting with lanthanum and ending with lutetlum are known as the rare earth. These elements show great resemblance to each ether in their chemical and physical properties. They all show the valence of +3, and the solubilities of their compounds differ only slightly, dino# the periodic law predicts but one element between barium and halfniua, it is net surprising that the elements of this group have similar properties. The similarity between these elements is in the arrangement of electrons within this group. For moat elements, an Increase of atomic number is attended with addition of an electron to the highest normal energy level, but for the rare earth group of elements the highest normal energy level has the same number of electrons throughout. Within the rare earth group the change occurs deep Inside the atom. In nature, this group of elements is found together. Bacaus© of their similarities it is very difficult to separate these elements by ordinary chemical methods this is why the pure elements and compounds arc so expensive. In recent years, the introduction of the ion exchange method has greatly improved their separation. It Is known that samarium, ytterbium and europium exist in the dipositive state. It Is also known that the dipositive state of these elements is unstable in acid solution. The objective of this investigation Is to determine how long the above elements will exist in dilute acid as the dipositive ion and to determine the rate at which the dipositive is oxidized to the tripositive state. The research chemist needs this information so that he may intelligently devise methods of studying other properties of the dipositiv® ion in acid solution

A holey fiber based Brillouin laser

We demonstrate for the first time a Brillouin laser based on a Holey Fiber (HF). Using a simple Fabry-Perot resonator scheme containing a 75m long highly nonlinear HF with an effective area of 2.85µm2 we obtain a threshold of 125mW and a slope efficiency of ~70%