Free-riding or barganing? : the case of the U.S.-South Korean alliance

This study addresses the question of how the relevant model of the economic theory of alliances accounts for South Korea\u27s defense burden-sharing in the alliance for three decades. To answer this question, this study first, in the broad and theoretical context, attempts to critically explore the two existing models (the free-riding and bargaining models) of the economic theory of alliances, and then to suggest that the relaxed bargaining model may provide a better tool for understanding the defense burden-sharing relationship between allies. In the narrow and empirical context, this study attempts to apply the relaxed bargaining model to the U.S-South Korean alliance to account for South Korea\u27s defense burden-sharing pattern over a period of nearly thirty years (1961-1988). Empirical examinations of four cases are conducted based on the thick concept of win-sets which is the core of two-level games, and on four (five for the last case) sets of contextual factors at both the state and domestic levels such as threat, economic conditions, interests, political and public support, and bureaucratic politics. The major arguments are: (1) South Korea\u27s pattern on defense burden (disproportionately less contribution) during 1961-1968 is characterized as latent bargaining rather than free-riding because South Korea did not commit defection or exploitation which is the key attribute of free-riding; (2) The Nixon Doctrine is characterized as tacit bargaining since it was a process that relied on actions intended (partly) to influence South Korea\u27s policy changes on defense burden but whose goal was not to reach an agreement; (3) The agreement reached in 1979, which set South Korea\u27s defense burden at 6% of the GNP, and the agreement reached in 1988, which requested that South Korea share costs for stationing U.S. forces in South Korea, are characterized as explicit bargaining because they were made through formal and diplomatic negotiation. They were affected by South Korea\u27s critical security interest and improved economic capability, and by U.S. domestic constraints such as the high level of budget deficit, public opposition, and congressional activities; (4) As a whole, the relaxed bargaining model which includes three types of bargaining (latent, tacit, and explicit bargaining) is a better one for understanding South Korea\u27s defense burden-sharing over thirty years. This study also notes that the nature of bargaining has changed as the context has changed. Although this study is not meant to offer an overarching generalization on the defense burden-sharing issue, it has theoretical and empirical implications. The obvious implication of this study is to suggest that the logic of free-riding does not have enough explanatory power for the defense burden-sharing in alliances, nor enough persuasive power to impact on the intra-alliance bargaining processes. Instead, policy-makers or negotiators must understand the nature of bargaining concerning this issue and utilize the thick concept of win-sets which are structured by facilitating factors and constraining factors

Children's Strategic Processing of Korean Relative Clauses

Processing strategies for relative clauses have received much attention in the literature. Previous studies have approached the question by studying relative clauses (=RCs) in terms of both the main clause function and the embedded clause function of the head noun. This way, researchers could identify multiple processing strategies for RCs (cf. Clancy, Lee, & Zoh, 1996), but there has been Little attempt to explicitly tease apart RC-internal factors like the embedded clause function from RC-external factors like the main clause function. In this paper, we focus on such RC-internal factors as word order and animacy by placing RCs within the copula construction What is X?, where X is the NP that contains the RC in question. Our test design follows the picture-cued comprehension paradigm. The test sentences are in two dimensions: first, the subject relative vs. the object relative distinction; and secondly, RCs with lexical heads vs. RCs with the bound nominal head kes 'thing'. We have tested S9 monolingual Korean children, and found out that monolingual Korean children strategically process RCs, assigning the subject/actor role to the linearly first NP (i.e. the word order strategy), and to an animate NP (i.e. the animacy strategy). Comparison with earlier works also suggests that there is a quantitative, but not a qualitative, difference in language development, between bilingual and monolingual Korean children

What Questions do People Ask on a Human Papillomavirus Website? A Comparative Analysis of Public and Private Questions

Objective: In 2004, we launched the question and answer (Q&A) section on a human papillomavirus (HPV) website (www.hpvkorea.org) that provides ample and regularly updated information about HPV. The purpose of this study is to collect data pertaining to questions posed on this website about HPV and its related diseases and analyze the type of questions and frequency before and after introduction of HPV vaccine in Korea. Using these results, we intend to determine the clinical and practical implications for doctors treating HPV and for HPV website providers

A STUDY OF MOTION CHARACTERISTICS LED BY CONNECTION METHODS AND POSITIONS OF A WAVE-ENERGY CONVERTER IN A REGULAR WAVE

The potential of wave power as an alternative energy resource is being studied to address problems associated with fossil fuel exhaustion and environmental pollution. In this paper, to improve the power generation efficiency of a floating-type wave-energy converter that has an activating body, the effects of the positions of a connecting bridge and different connecting methods between a main body and the activating body of the wave-energy converter were studied. In order to research the activating body’s motion characteristics that are caused by the changes of connecting bridge’s position and connecting methods; hinged or fixed connector, the wave-energy converter was modeled and simulated by using a commercial software. The moment and angular velocity of the axis of power generation were measured from the results of simulations and then the power outputs were calculated based on the moment and angular velocity. The outputs, which were analyzed under several regular wave conditions, were compared to each other

Incidence and clinicopathologic behavior of uterine cervical carcinoma in renal transplant recipients

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Renal allograft recipients are reported to have a higher incidence of malignancy than the general population. This single hospital-based study examined the incidence and clinicopathologic behavior of uterine cervical carcinoma in renal transplant recipients.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Among 453 women receiving renal transplantation from January 1990 to December 2008, 5 patients were diagnosed with cervical carcinoma. Medical records of these 5 patients were retrospectively reviewed, and clinicopathologic data were collected and analyzed.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The incidence of cervical carcinoma in renal transplant recipients was 58.1 out of 100,000 per year, which is 3.5 times higher than in the general Korean population. The mean interval between the time of renal transplantation and the time of cervical carcinoma diagnosis was 80.7 months. After a median follow-up of 96.2 months, there was no recurrence of the disease or death. In 4 patients who were positive from human papillomavirus in situ hybridization (HPV ISH), high or probably high risk HPV DNA was detected in all. Punctate staining of HPV ISH was detected in 3 out of 4 patients.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Higher incidence of cervical carcinoma is expected in renal transplant recipients, so appropriate surveillance is needed to ensure early detection and treatment of cervical carcinoma.</p

Infantile Vitreous Hemorrhage as the Initial Presentation of X-linked Juvenile Retinoschisis

The authors report two cases of X-linked juvenile retinoschisis (XLRS) manifested as bilateral vitreous hemorrhage as early as in an 1-month-old infant and in a 3-month-old infant. The one-month-old male infant showed massive bilateral vitreous hemorrhage. During vitrectomy, thin membrane representing an inner part of schisis cavity was excised and intraschisis hemorrhage was evacuated. As intraschisis cavities were cleared, the stump of inner layer appeared as the demarcation line between the outer layer of the schisis retina and non-schisis retina. The other three-month-old male infant presenting with esodeviation also showed bilateral vitreous hemorrhage. Typical bilateral retinoschisis involving maculae could be seen through vitreous hemorrhage in both eyes on fundus examination. Spontaneous absorption of hemorrhage was observed on regular follow-up. XLRS could be manifested as massive hemorrhage inside or outside of the schisis cavity early in infancy

Cyclic ADP Ribose-Dependent Ca2+ Release by Group I Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors in Acutely Dissociated Rat Hippocampal Neurons

Group I metabotropic glutamate receptors (group I mGluRs; mGluR1 and mGluR5) exert diverse effects on neuronal and synaptic functions, many of which are regulated by intracellular Ca2+. In this study, we characterized the cellular mechanisms underlying Ca2+ mobilization induced by (RS)-3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine (DHPG; a specific group I mGluR agonist) in the somata of acutely dissociated rat hippocampal neurons using microfluorometry. We found that DHPG activates mGluR5 to mobilize intracellular Ca2+ from ryanodine-sensitive stores via cyclic adenosine diphosphate ribose (cADPR), while the PLC/IP3 signaling pathway was not involved in Ca2+ mobilization. The application of glutamate, which depolarized the membrane potential by 28.5±4.9 mV (n = 4), led to transient Ca2+ mobilization by mGluR5 and Ca2+ influx through L-type Ca2+ channels. We found no evidence that mGluR5-mediated Ca2+ release and Ca2+ influx through L-type Ca2+ channels interact to generate supralinear Ca2+ transients. Our study provides novel insights into the mechanisms of intracellular Ca2+ mobilization by mGluR5 in the somata of hippocampal neurons