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Spatiomechanical Modulation of EphB4-Ephrin-B2 Signaling in Neural Stem Cell Differentiation.
Interactions between EphB4 receptor tyrosine kinases and their membrane-bound ephrin-B2 ligands on apposed cells play a regulatory role in neural stem cell differentiation. With both receptor and ligand constrained to move within the membranes of their respective cells, this signaling system inevitably experiences spatial confinement and mechanical forces in conjunction with receptor-ligand binding. In this study, we reconstitute the EphB4-ephrin-B2 juxtacrine signaling geometry using a supported-lipid-bilayer system presenting laterally mobile and monomeric ephrin-B2 ligands to live neural stem cells. This experimental platform successfully reconstitutes EphB4-ephrin-B2 binding, lateral clustering, downstream signaling activation, and neuronal differentiation, all in a configuration that preserves the spatiomechanical aspects of the natural juxtacrine signaling geometry. Additionally, the supported bilayer system allows control of lateral movement and clustering of the receptor-ligand complexes through patterns of physical barriers to lateral diffusion fabricated onto the underlying substrate. The results from this study reveal a distinct spatiomechanical effect on the ability of EphB4-ephrin-B2 signaling to induce neuronal differentiation. These observations parallel similar studies of the EphA2-ephrin-A1 system in a very different biological context, suggesting that such spatiomechanical regulation may be a common feature of Eph-ephrin signaling
Nano-electromechanical Zero-dimensional Freestanding Nanogap Actuator
Micromachined free standing nanogap with metal electrodes is presented. The gap size is as small as 17 nm, and can be reduced further with electrostatic or piezoelectric actuation. The nanoscale gap is fabricated by industrial standard optical lithography and anisotropic wet chemical Si etching. Electron transport between the metal electrodes with optical stimulus enhancing photon-electron coupling (plasmon) is presented
Why We Should Report the Details in Subjective Evaluation of TTS More Rigorously
This paper emphasizes the importance of reporting experiment details in
subjective evaluations and demonstrates how such details can significantly
impact evaluation results in the field of speech synthesis. Through an analysis
of 80 papers presented at INTERSPEECH 2022, we find a lack of thorough
reporting on critical details such as evaluator recruitment and filtering,
instructions and payments, and the geographic and linguistic backgrounds of
evaluators. To illustrate the effect of these details on evaluation outcomes,
we conducted mean opinion score (MOS) tests on three well-known TTS systems
under different evaluation settings and we obtain at least three distinct
rankings of TTS models. We urge the community to report experiment details in
subjective evaluations to improve the reliability and interpretability of
experimental results.Comment: Interspeech 2023 camera-ready versio
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