A stochastic simulation model to determine the sample size of repeated national surveys to document freedom from bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) infection-2

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "A stochastic simulation model to determine the sample size of repeated national surveys to document freedom from bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) infection"</p><p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1746-6148/3/10</p><p>BMC Veterinary Research 2007;3():10-10.</p><p>Published online 18 May 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC1891096.</p><p></p>zes (SSS), risk-based sample sizes (RBS), with or without detection of newly infected herds, were used to define the herd prevalence () of the previous survey. Ninety-five percent confidence intervals of pre-survey probability of infection freedom and hence resulting sample sizes, were obtained by exact binomial confidence intervals based on the proportion of iterations with values < 0.2 and < 0.1%, respectively, to the total number of iterations performed. Sample sizes were calculated with Survey Toolboxassuming a population of 50,000 herds, 99% herd sensitivity for diagnostic testing and a threshold of 0.2% and 0.1%, respectively

A stochastic simulation model to determine the sample size of repeated national surveys to document freedom from bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) infection-0

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "A stochastic simulation model to determine the sample size of repeated national surveys to document freedom from bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) infection"</p><p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1746-6148/3/10</p><p>BMC Veterinary Research 2007;3():10-10.</p><p>Published online 18 May 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC1891096.</p><p></p>ways of infectious agent introduction into the susceptible domestic population were considered. + = infected, - = uninfected, D = infection status of animal, T = diagnostic test status of animal, H = herd statu

Breakdown of economic costs of rabies by cluster in thousands of USD.

<p>Estimates by country are in <a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0003709#pntd.0003709.s002" target="_blank">S1 Table</a> including which cluster countries were assigned to. Asia 4 comprises the Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand (High PEP use); Asia 3 comprises Bhutan, Nepal, Bangladesh, Pakistan (Himalayan region); Asia 2 comprises Cambodia, Myanmar, Laos, Vietnam and Democratic People’s Republic of Korea; SADC comprises countries in the Southern African Development Community, Eurasia comprises Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, the Russian Federation, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan.</p><p>Breakdown of economic costs of rabies by cluster in thousands of USD.</p

Functional relationships estimated between A) rabies incidence in domestic dogs and average biannual dog vaccination coverage and B) probability of receiving post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) and the Human Development Index.

<p>Upper inset in A shows the relationship on a log scale and the lower inset shows the relationship between rabies incidence in livestock and vaccination coverage in domestic dogs. Grey shading shows the 95% confidence intervals of the fitted relationships.</p

Division of costs associated with rabies, prevention and control across sectors by region.

<p>Inset shows proportional expenditure in different regions. The breakdown of costs by cluster is given in <a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0003709#pntd.0003709.s003" target="_blank">S1 Fig</a> and <a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0003709#pntd.0003709.t003" target="_blank">Table 3</a> and detailed by country in <a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0003709#pntd.0003709.s002" target="_blank">S1 Table</a>.</p

Model framework used in this study for estimating the global burden of canine rabies.

<p>Probability steps correspond to the probability that a bite is by a rabid animal (<i>RP);</i> that the victim received post-exposure prophylaxis, PEP, (<i>PP)</i>; and, in the absence of PEP, that the bite victim developed rabies (<i>DP)</i>. Data inputs (<a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0003709#pntd.0003709.t001" target="_blank">Table 1</a>) are shown in red and model outputs in blue. Red arrows show estimated relationships (<a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0003709#pntd.0003709.g002" target="_blank">Fig 2</a>). DALY = Disability-Adjusted Life Year; HDI = Human Development Index. Further details are given in <a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0003709#pntd.0003709.t001" target="_blank">Table 1</a>.</p

The distribution of the global burden of rabies: A) human rabies deaths, B) per capita death rates (per 100,000 persons), and C) expenditure on dog vaccination (per 100,000 persons).

<p>Countries shaded in grey are free from canine rabies.</p

Estimates of rabies deaths, exposures, PEP use, prevented deaths, DALYs (due to rabies and to NTVs), and average dog vaccination coverage, probability that a dog is rabid <i>(RP)</i>, and probability of receiving PEP (<i>PP</i>) by cluster in canine rabies endemic regions.

<p>Estimates by country are provided in <a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0003709#pntd.0003709.s002" target="_blank">S1 Table</a> including which cluster countries were assigned to.</p><p>*95% Confidence Intervals (Thousands)</p><p>PEP = post-exposure prophylaxis, YLL = Years of life lost, DALY = Disability Adjusted Life Year, NTVs = adverse events from Nerve Tissue Vaccines. Asia 4 comprises the Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand (High PEP use); Asia 3 comprises Bhutan, Nepal, Bangladesh, Pakistan (Himalayan region); Asia 2 comprises Cambodia, Myanmar, Laos, Vietnam and Democratic People’s Republic of Korea; SADC comprises countries in the Southern African Development Community, Eurasia comprises Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, the Russian Federation, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan.</p><p>Estimates of rabies deaths, exposures, PEP use, prevented deaths, DALYs (due to rabies and to NTVs), and average dog vaccination coverage, probability that a dog is rabid <i>(RP)</i>, and probability of receiving PEP (<i>PP</i>) by cluster in canine rabies endemic regions.</p

Data sources and inference methods within framework used for estimating the burden of canine rabies.

<p>PEP = post-exposure prophylaxis, HDI = Human Development Index, FAO = Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, REDIPRA = Directors of National Programs to Control Rabies in the Americas, ML = Maximum Likelihood, <i>Bites</i> = Bite Incidence (the same annotation is used in <a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0003709#pntd.0003709.g001" target="_blank">Fig 1</a>).</p><p>Data sources and inference methods within framework used for estimating the burden of canine rabies.</p

Model sensitivity to parameter uncertainty.

<p>PEP = post-exposure prophylaxis.</p