9,280 research outputs found
Entropy of isolated quantum systems after a quench
A diagonal entropy, which depends only on the diagonal elements of the
system's density matrix in the energy representation, has been recently
introduced as the proper definition of thermodynamic entropy in
out-of-equilibrium quantum systems. We study this quantity after an interaction
quench in lattice hard-core bosons and spinless fermions, and after a local
chemical potential quench in a system of hard-core bosons in a superlattice
potential. The former systems have a chaotic regime, where the diagonal entropy
becomes equivalent to the equilibrium microcanonical entropy, coinciding with
the onset of thermalization. The latter system is integrable. We show that its
diagonal entropy is additive and different from the entropy of a generalized
Gibbs ensemble, which has been introduced to account for the effects of
conserved quantities at integrability.Comment: 6 pages, 4 figures, as published (updated supplemental material
In what sense are dogs special? Canine cognition in comparative context
The great increase in the study of dog cognition in the current century has yielded insights into canine cognition in a variety of domains. In this review, we seek to place our enhanced understanding of canine cognition into context. We argue that in order to assess dog cognition, we need toregard dogs from three different perspectives: phylogenetically, as carnivoran and specifically a canid; ecologically, as social, cursorial hunters; and anthropogenically, as a domestic animal. A principled understanding of canine cognition should therefore involve comparing dogs’ cognition with that of other carnivorans, other social hunters, and other domestic animals.
This paper contrasts dog cognition with what is known about cognition in species that fit into these three categories, with a particular emphasis on wolves, cats, spotted hyenas, chimpanzees, dolphins, horses, and pigeons. We cover sensory cognition, physical cognition, spatial cognition, social cognition, and self-awareness. Although the comparisons are in-complete, because of the limited range of studies of some of the other relevant species, we conclude that dog cognition is influenced by the membership of all three of these groups, and taking all three groups into account, dog cognition does not look exceptional
CONTRACTS--CONSIDERATION-PERFORMANCE OF ONE ALTERNATlVE WHEN THERE IS DISPUTE AS TO WHICH IS OWED
Defendant issued a membership certificate to one Flowers providing for payment of 500 in case of death due to heart disease. Later Flowers was injured in an automobile accident and died an hour afterward. The beneficiary submitted proofs of loss, including a statement of a physician that death was caused by coronary thrombosis. Shock from auto accident about one hour before death. Defendant sent to the beneficiary a draft for 4500; on appeal from judgment for defendant notwithstanding the verdict, held, reversed. Since defendant paid no more than it admitted was due to plaintiff, there was no consideration to support the attempted accord and satisfaction. One justice dissented. Kellogg v. Iowa State Traveling Men\u27s Assn., (Iowa 1947) 29 N.W. (2d) 559
The Customer Is Always Right . . . Not!: Employer Liability for Third Party Sexual Harassment
This article will ask a series of questions. What is third party sexual harassment? Under what conditions does it occur? Does it differ in any significant respects from traditional notions of sexual harassment? Should those differences, if any, make a difference in the way that the legal system addresses third party harassment? And indeed, should the problem be addressed solely through the legal system? What might an employer do to alleviate sexual harassment of this type?
The thesis of this article is that third party sexual harassment is a prevalent form of harassment that the legal system does not currently nor energetically pursue. At a time of breathtaking workplace change, it is just one more destabilizing, and sometimes traumatizing, obstacle for women and their advancement in the workplace. Exposing third party sexual harassment for what it is will act as a catalyst for more vigorous action, both of a legal and non-legal nature, to eradicate it from the workplace. To that end, the conclusion of this Article will pose some suggestions about remedies that affected victims could pursue.
Part I of this article will explore the prevalence of third party harassment, drawing on evidence from a number of different types of workplaces. The purpose of this section is to establish the reality and consequences of third party sexual harassment. In Part II, the response of the legal system to third party sexual harassment will be detailed, beginning with a brief overview of basic sexual harassment doctrine. Part III, on the other hand, will look at the assessment of third party harassment from the point of view of business, and the literature on the role of sexuality in the workplace which forms the basis of an interdisciplinary account of sexual harassment. Suggested directions for the legal doctrine in this area and options for eliminating this form of behavior in the workplace will be suggested. Last, this article will suggest that harassment in any form will not abate until a comprehensive approach to employee dignity is adopted, in which any form of harassment on any basis is deemed inappropriate and illegal
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