fMRI BOLD signal changes in elite swimmers while viewing videos of personal failure

Athletes who fail are susceptible to negative affect (NA) and impaired future performance. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies have identified prefrontal, anterior cingulate, and limbic activations following negative mood provocation. Little is known about the neural correlates of negative self-reference (SR), especially in athletes. Even less is known about the neural correlates of the effects of cognitive intervention (CI) in modifying negative SR and NA in this population. In an fMRI study, 13 athletes watched a video of their own career-threatening defeat in two controlled blocks. Between fMRI blocks, they received a 20-min CI designed to assist in event reappraisal and planning for future performance. Relative increases post-CI were seen in premotor (BA6) and sensorimotor (BA4/1) cortices. Correlated with mood ratings, relatively higher pre-CI levels were seen in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, the right dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (PFC; BA10), the right dorsolateral PFC (BA45), the anterior cingulate, and the right parahippocampus. CI may counteract the detrimental effects of NA and negative SR on premotor and motor activity.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/83878/1/fMRI-BOLD-signal-changes-in-elite-swimmers-while-viewing-videos-of-personal-failure.pd

Introduction to the special issue: perspectives on mood in sport and exercise

The link between physical activity and mood is perhaps one of the most intuitively appealing relationships in the whole area of sport and exercise psychology. Failure to “get in the right mood” seems to be a common attribution for poor performance by athletes, while mood enhancement appears to be an important motive for participation among exercisers. However, intuitive appeal and empirical support is not the same thing, a distinction confirmed by the equivocal nature of research findings pertaining to mood and physical activity. Answers to the frequently investigated research questions, “Does exercise enhance mood?” and “Can mood predict athletic performance?” have been characterized by a cautious “yes” qualified by a substantial list of “if’s” and “but’s.” Since the pioneering research efforts of William Morgan and colleagues in the 1970’s, efforts that still continue today, attitudes toward mood-performance relationships in sport have passed through periods of sustained credibility to increasingly skeptical scrutiny. Morgan demonstrated that the scores of athletes on the Profile of Mood States (POMS: McNair, Lorr, & Droppleman, 1971), particularly at an elite level, were characterized by the now famous iceberg profile, combining high vigor with low tension, depression, anger, fatigue and confusion. This finding subsequently led to the POMS being proclaimed in Psychology Today as the “test of champions” (Morgan, 1980). The veracity of this claim and the significance of an iceberg mood profile have been challenged in more recent review articles (e.g., Renger, 1993; Rowley, Landers, Kyllo, & Etnier, 1995). Indeed, Renger (1993) went as far as calling for researchers to “abandon the POMS” (p.83) in research on successful and unsuccessful athletes. As the reader will discover, there is much support within these pages for the basic tenets of Morgan’s (1985) Mental Health Model and hopefully much information that moves beyond simply espousing the benefits of a particular mood profile. This special issue of the Journal of Applied Sport Psychology is devoted to a range of theoretical, measurement, and empirical issues in the area of mood research. It brings together some of the most influential researchers in the field, who offer different perspectives on the extant literature. The special issue is intended to provide a valuable resource for researchers of mood in the sport and exercise environments, offering new theoretical perspectives, comprehensive reviews of the literature, normative data for sport and exercise, and a bibliography of the most recent publications in the area