Dengue rate by number of people residing within 100 m.

<p>Staggered black line shows categorical analysis, smooth blue lines show the analysis with number of people as restricted cubic spline with 95% confidence bands (knots at 0, 100, 200, 300, and 600). All analyses adjusted for wealth, education, and distance to the nearest hospital.</p

Clusters of dengue fever cases.

<p>(<b>A</b>) 2005 and (<b>B</b>) 2007 epidemics are shown by epidemic stage (early, middle, late).</p

Subgroup analysis by age (A) and water supply (B).

<p>Staggered line (B only) shows categorical analysis, smooth line analysis with number of people as restricted cubic spline with 95% confidence bands (knots at 0, 100, 200, 300, and 600). All analyses adjusted for wealth, education, and distance to the nearest hospital.</p

Characteristics of dengue fever clusters.

a<p>Within a 100-m radius of each household.</p

Weekly hospital admission for dengue fever during study period.

<p>Vertical lines indicate the approximate beginning and end of the two major epidemics.</p

Rate of dengue fever admission by socio-demographic and geographic characteristics.

a<p>All models included wealth, education, and distance to hospital.</p><p>HH, household ; ref, reference.</p

A Multi-country Study of the Household Willingness-to-Pay for Dengue Vaccines: Household Surveys in Vietnam, Thailand, and Colombia

<div><p>Background</p><p>The rise in dengue fever cases and the absence of dengue vaccines will likely cause governments to consider various types of effective means for controlling the disease. Given strong public interests in potential dengue vaccines, it is essential to understand the private economic benefits of dengue vaccines for accelerated introduction of vaccines into the public sector program and private markets of high-risk countries.</p><p>Methodology/Principal Findings</p><p>A contingent valuation study for a hypothetical dengue vaccine was administered to 400 households in a multi-country setting: Vietnam, Thailand, and Colombia. All respondents received a description of the hypothetical dengue vaccine scenarios of 70% or 95% effectiveness for 10 or 30 years with a three dose series. Five price points were determined after pilot tests in order to reflect different local situations such as household income levels and general perceptions towards dengue fever. We adopted either Poisson or negative binomial regression models to calculate average willingness-to-pay (WTP), as well as median WTP. We found that there is a significant demand for dengue vaccines. The parametric median WTP is $26.4 ($8.8 per dose) in Vietnam, $70.3 ($23.4 per dose) in Thailand, and $23 ($7.7 per dose) in Colombia. Our study also suggests that respondents place more value on vaccinating young children than school age children and adults.</p><p>Conclusions/Significance</p><p>Knowing that dengue vaccines are not yet available, our study provides critical information to both public and private sectors. The study results can be used to ensure broad coverage with an affordable price and incorporated into cost benefit analyses, which can inform prioritization of alternative health interventions at the national level.</p></div

Characteristics of cases confirmed as first-ever stroke by pathological subtype in medical chart review.

<p>Mean ± standard deviation or n (%) are shown; age, admission period of subarachnoid hemorrhage show individual values.</p

Age-, sex-specific and age-adjusted incidence rates per 100,000 of first-ever stroke, all and by pathological subtype.

<p>Age-, sex-specific and age-adjusted incidence rates per 100,000 of first-ever stroke, all and by pathological subtype.</p

Age-adjusted stroke incidence and proportion of pathological type, by high-income or low- and middle-income countries.

<p>NR = not reported. The direct age standardizations were performed using WHO world standard populations.</p