17 research outputs found

    Revisiting credit distribution algorithms for distributed termination detection

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    This paper revisits distributed termination detection algorithms in the context of High-Performance Computing (HPC) applications. We introduce an efficient variant of the Credit Distribution Algorithm (CDA) and compare it to the original algorithm (HCDA) as well as to its two primary competitors: the Four Counters algorithm (4C) and the Efficient Delay-Optimal Distributed algorithm (EDOD). We analyze the behavior of each algorithm for some simplified task-based kernels and show the superiority of CDA in terms of the number of control messages.Peer ReviewedPostprint (author's final draft

    Comparing Distributed Termination Detection Algorithms for Task-Based Runtime Systems on HPC platforms

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    International audienceThis paper revisits distributed termination detection algorithms in the context of High-Performance Computing (HPC) applications. We introduce an efficient variant of the Credit Distribution Algorithm (CDA) and compare it to the original algorithm (HCDA) as well as to its two primary competitors: the Four Counters algorithm (4C) and the Efficient Delay-Optimal Distributed algorithm (EDOD). We analyze the behavior of each algorithm for some simplified task-based kernels and show the superiority of CDA in terms of the number of control messages. We then compare the implementation of these algorithms over a task-based runtime system, PaRSEC and show the advantages and limitations of each approach on a practical implementation

    Revisiting Credit Distribution Algorithms for Distributed Termination Detection

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    International audienceThis paper revisits distributed termination detection algorithms in the context of High-Performance Computing (HPC) applications. We introduce an efficient variant of the Credit Distribution Algorithm (CDA) and compare it to the original algorithm (HCDA) as well as to its two primary competitors: the Four Counters algorithm (4C) and the Efficient Delay-Optimal Distributed algorithm (EDOD). We analyze the behavior of each algorithm for some simplified task-based kernels and show the superiority of CDA in terms of the number of control messages

    Etudes des cinĂ©tiques et thermodynamiques de l’isomĂ©risation par Tandem IMS-MS

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    The study of molecular conformations and isomerization (aka conformation changes, structural modifications) pathways is of critical importance to better understand and utilize their properties. During the last decades, the characterization of structures and structural changes has driven the development and use of various techniques, such as calorimetry, Raman spectrometry, infrared and UV/vis spectroscopy, circular dichroism or Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy (NMR), among others. As for analysis in the gas-phase, Ion-Mobility Spectrometry (IMS) is rapidly growing as a staple tool for structural characterization, especially when coupled to Mass Spectrometry (MS). This work builds on many recent developments, whose goal are to use IMS not only as a “static” tool, capable of taking an instant, fixed picture of the conformational state of the analyte, but more so as a tool for the exploration of isomerization pathways. As such, we use a Tandem IMS-MS setup, which allows us to select a population after a first IMS separation, before subjecting it to a controlled treatment before a second IMS separation and the MS detection. More specifically, we followed isomerization kinetics by trapping selected ions for a controlled time before the second analysis. We repeated these experiments by varying the temperature in the trapping zone, which allowed us to measure the isomerization kinetics’ evolution as a function of temperature. We also followed isomerization kinetics in solution: in this case, we only used the IMS as a probe of the populations present in the solution mixture. We used this method to look at two different systems: a synthetic molecule called MOlecular Solar Thermal System (MOST), and a peptide called Glu-fibrinopeptide B. We studied the MOST’s capability to store energy through photoisomerization by UV irradiation and to return this energy by relaxation to its ground state. We demonstrate the advantages of gas-phase analysis for molecular systems with long relaxation times (dozens of hours) at ambient temperature. The gas-phase allows us to conduct experiments at much higher temperatures than those accessible in solution. Therefore, we were able to characterize the relaxation of the molecule at much smaller timescales (less than a second). We used these results to interpret experiments measuring the isomerization induced by collisions on the same MOST system, with the goal of estimating the energy transfer happening during the collisional activation timescale. As for Glu-fibrinopeptide B, we showed that this peptide exists as two different conformations that can experiment spontaneous interconversions at ambient temperature. We determined the thermodynamical characteristics of this bistability, which we interpreted using molecular dynamics’ simulations with the AMOEBA forcefield.L’étude des conformations de composĂ©s molĂ©culaires, ainsi que des diffĂ©rents chemins par lesquels ces composĂ©s peuvent en changer, est d’une importance fondamentale pour la comprĂ©hension et l’utilisation de leurs propriĂ©tĂ©s. Au cours des derniĂšres dĂ©cennies, de nombreuses techniques ont Ă©tĂ© dĂ©veloppĂ©es et appliquĂ©es Ă  la caractĂ©risation des conformations et de leurs changements : calorimĂ©trie, spectromĂ©trie Raman, spectroscopie infrarouge et UV/visible, dichroĂŻsme circulaire et spectroscopie Ă  RĂ©sonance MagnĂ©tique NuclĂ©aire (RMN), pour ne mentionner que celles-ci. Pour ce qui est de l’analyse des conformations en phase gaz, la SpectromĂ©trie de MobilitĂ© Ionique (IMS – Ion-Mobility Spectrometry) connaĂźt une expansion importante comme outil de caractĂ©risation structurale, en particulier en combinaison avec la SpectromĂ©trie de Masse (MS – Mass Spectrometry). Ce travail s’inscrit dans la suite de rĂ©cents dĂ©veloppements visant Ă  utiliser l’IMS non seulement comme un outil « statique », donnant une image Ă  l’instant t de l’état conformationnel de l’analyte, mais aussi comme un outil d’exploration des chemins reliant les diffĂ©rents conformĂšres. Pour cela, nous utilisons un dispositif de Tandem IMS-MS, permettant de sĂ©lectionner une population par une premiĂšre sĂ©paration en IMS, et de la soumettre Ă  un traitement contrĂŽlĂ© avant une seconde sĂ©paration en IMS et une dĂ©tection par spectromĂ©trie de masse. Ainsi, nous cherchons Ă  mettre en Ă©vidence d’éventuels changements de conformations. En particulier, nous avons cherchĂ© Ă  suivre la cinĂ©tique de rĂ©actions d’isomĂ©risation, en piĂ©geant les ions sĂ©lectionnĂ©s pendant une durĂ©e variable et contrĂŽlĂ©e avant la seconde analyse. Ces expĂ©riences ont Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©es en fonction de la tempĂ©rature dans la zone de piĂ©geage, donnant ainsi accĂšs Ă  l’évolution de la cinĂ©tique d’isomĂ©risation en fonction de la tempĂ©rature. En parallĂšle, nous avons rĂ©alisĂ© des expĂ©riences complĂ©mentaires consistant Ă  suivre des cinĂ©tiques d’isomĂ©risation en solution. Dans ce cas, la mesure d’IMS sert Ă  sonder les populations prĂ©sentes en mĂ©lange dans la solution. Nous avons appliquĂ© cette mĂ©thode Ă  deux types de systĂšmes : d’abord, un systĂšme synthĂ©tique de type MOlecular Solar Thermal System (MOST) ; et ensuite, un peptide, le Glu-fibrinopeptide B. Pour le MOST, nous avons Ă©tudiĂ© sa capacitĂ© Ă  stocker de l’énergie par photoisomĂ©risation, via irradiation dans l’UV, et Ă  restituer cette Ă©nergie par relaxation vers son Ă©tat fondamental. Nos rĂ©sultats dĂ©montrent l’intĂ©rĂȘt de l’approche en phase gaz pour des systĂšmes prĂ©sentant des temps de relaxation longs (plusieurs dizaines d’heures) Ă  tempĂ©rature ambiante : en permettant une Ă©tude Ă  des tempĂ©ratures significativement plus Ă©levĂ©es que celles accessibles en solution, nous avons pu caractĂ©riser la relaxation de ce composĂ© sur des durĂ©es beaucoup plus courtes, infĂ©rieures Ă  la seconde. Ces rĂ©sultats ont aussi Ă©tĂ© utilisĂ©s pour tenter d’interprĂ©ter des expĂ©riences d’isomĂ©risation induites par collisions sur le mĂȘme systĂšme, dans le but d’estimer le transfert d’énergie ayant lieu lors de ce type d’expĂ©riences, plus communes que les mesures en tandem. Dans le cas du Glu-fibrinopeptide B, nous avons montrĂ© que ce peptide existait sous deux formes conformationnelles diffĂ©rentes, capables d’interconversions spontanĂ©es Ă  tempĂ©rature ambiante. Nous avons pu dĂ©terminer les caractĂ©ristiques thermodynamiques de cette bi-stabilitĂ©, qui a ensuite pu ĂȘtre interprĂ©tĂ©e Ă  l’aide de simulations de dynamique molĂ©culaire avec le champ de forces AMOEBA

    Exploring Conformational Landscapes Using Trap and Release Tandem Ion Mobility Spectrometry

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    International audienceThe dynamics and thermodynamics of structural changes in isolated glu-fibrinopeptide B (GluFib) were investigated by tandem ion mobility spectrometry (IMS). Doubly protonated GluFib 2+ ions were first selected by IMS and then stored for a controlled duration in a thermalized ion trap. Temperature-induced conformational changes were finally monitored by IMS as a function of trapping time. Based on this procedure, isomerization rates and equilibrium populations of the different conformers were determined as a function of temperature. We demonstrate that the measured thermodynamic quantities can be directly compared to simulated observables from ensemble molecular modeling, based on appropriate order parameters. We obtained good qualitative agreement with replica-exchange molecular dynamics simulations based on the AMOEBA force field and processed using the weighted histogram analysis method. This suggests that the balance between Coulomb repulsion and optimal charge solvation is the main source of the observed conformational bi-stability. Our results emphasize the differences between the kinetically-driven quasi-equilibrium distributions obtained after collisional activation and the thermodynamically-driven distributions from the present equilibrium experiments, due to entropic effects. As a consequence, our measurements do not only allow straightforward determination of Arrhenius activation energies, but also yields the relative enthalpy and entropy changes associated to a structural transition

    Période de checkpoint optimale avec réplication sur plates-formes hétérogÚnes

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    In this paper, we design and analyze strategies to replicate the execution of an application on two different platformssubject to failures, using checkpointing on a shared stable storage. We derive the optimal pattern size~WWfor a periodic checkpointing strategy where both platforms concurrently try and execute WW units of work before checkpointing. The first platform that completes its pattern takes a checkpoint,and the other platform interrupts its execution to synchronize from that checkpoint.We compare this strategy to a simpler on-failure checkpointing strategy, where a checkpoint is taken by one platformonly whenever the other platform encounters a failure. We use first or second-order approximations to computeoverheads and optimal pattern sizes, and show through extensive simulationsthat these models are very accurate. The simulations show the usefulness of a secondary platform to reduce execution time, even when the platforms have relatively different speeds: in average, over a wide range of scenarios, the overhead is reduced by 30%30\%.The simulations alsodemonstrate that the periodic checkpointing strategy is globally more efficient, unless platform speeds are quite close.Ce rapport propose un modĂšle et une Ă©tude analytique de deux stratĂ©gies de rĂ©plication, combinĂ©e avec des prises de checkpoint, sur plates-formes hĂ©tĂ©rogĂšnes. L'application s'exĂ©cute sur deux plates-formes de vitesses et taux de fautes diffĂ©rents, et qui partagent unespace de stockage stable. Nous dĂ©terminons la taille optimale du travail WW pour une stratĂ©gie pĂ©riodique oĂč les deux plates-formes tentent d'exĂ©cuter WW unitĂ©s de travail avant de prendre un checkpoint. La premiĂšre plate-forme qui rĂ©ussit prend ce checkpoint, et l'autre s'interromptet se resynchronise avec la premiĂšre Ă  partir du checkpoint. Nous comparons cette stratĂ©gie avec une stratĂ©gie plus simple, dite de checkpoint-sur-faute, oĂč un checkpoint n'est pris sur une plate-forme que quand l'autre est sujette Ă  une faute. Nous calculons des approximations du premier et deuxiĂšme ordre pour la taille optimale W, et montrons par simulationque celles-ci sont trĂšs prĂ©cises. Les simulations montrent l'utilitĂ© d'une seconde plate-forme, mĂȘme lorsqu'elle a une vitesse relativement diffĂ©rente, puisqu'on gagne 30% en moyenne. En- n, la stratĂ©gie pĂ©riodique est la plus efficace globalement, sauf si les deux plates-formes sont des vitesses trĂšs proches

    Combinaison des techniques de checkpoint et de réplication pour l'exécution efficace de chaßnes de tùches

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    This report combines checkpointing and replication for the reliable executionof linear workows. While both methods have been studied separately, their combinationhas not yet been investigated despite its promising potential to minimize the execution timeof linear workows in failure-prone environments. The combination raises new problems:for each task, we have to decide whether to checkpoint and/or replicate it. We provide anoptimal dynamic programming algorithm of quadratic complexity to solve both problems.This dynamic programming algorithm has been validated through extensive simulationsthat reveal the conditions in which checkpointing only, replication only, or the combinationof both techniques lead to improved performance.Ce rapport étudie la combinaison des techniques de checkpoint et de réplication pour l'exécution efficace et sûre de chaßnes de tùches sur des plates-formes à grande échelle en présence d'erreurs fatales. . Ces deux techniques ont été étudiées séparément mais leur combinaison ouvre de nouvelles perspectives pour la minimisation du temps d'exécution dans des environnements sujets aux fautes. Pour chaque tùche, on doit décider s'il faut la checkpointer et /ou s'il faut la répliquer. Nous proposons un algorithme de programmation dynamique de complexité quadratique en le nombre detùches pour résoudre le problÚme, et montrons expérimentalement, via un jeu complet de simulations, dans quelles conditions les deux techniques, prises séparément ou combinées, peuvent améliorer les performances

    Towards Optimal Multi-Level Checkpointing

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    We provide a framework to analyze multi-level checkpointing protocols, by formally defininga kk-level checkpointing pattern. We provide a first-order approximation to the optimalcheckpointing pattern, and show that the corresponding overhead is of the order of ∑ℓ=1k2λℓCℓ\sum_{\ell=1}^{k}\sqrt{2\lambda_\ell C_\ell}, where λℓ\lambda_\ell is the error rate at level~ℓ\ell, and CℓC_\ell the checkpointing cost at level~ℓ\ell. This nicely extends the classical Young/Daly formula. Furthermore, we are able to fully characterize the shape of the optimal pattern (number and positions of checkpoints),and we provide a dynamic programming algorithm to determine which levels should be used. Finally, we perform simulations to check the accuracy of the theoretical study and to confirm theoptimality of the subset of levels returned by the dynamic programming algorithm. The results nicely corroborate the theoretical study, and demonstrate the usefulness of multi-level checkpointing with the optimal subset of levels.Ce travail analyse les techniques de checkpoint multi-niveaux.On Ă©tudie les schĂ©mas de calcul pĂ©riodiques, oĂč les diffĂ©rents niveaux de checkpointsont imbriquĂ©s, et on caractĂ©rise le schĂ©ma optimal, i.e., celui dont le surcoĂ»t par unitĂ© de calculest minimal. On montre que ce surcoĂ»t minimal est de l'ordre de ∑ℓ=1k2λℓCℓ\sum_{\ell=1}^{k}\sqrt{2\lambda_\ell C_\ell}, oĂč λℓ\lambda_\ell est le taux d'erreur au niveau~ℓ\ell, et CℓC_\ell le coĂ»t de checkpoint au niveau~ℓ\ell. Cette formule Ă©tend la cĂ©lĂšbre formule de Young/Daly pour un seul niveau. On propose Ă©galement un algorithme de programmation dynamique pour dĂ©terminer le meilleur sous-ensemble de niveuax Ă  utiliser pour minimiser le surcoĂ»t global. Enfin, nous conduisons des simulations pour vĂ©rifier l'Ă©tude thĂ©orique, et confirmer l'optimalitĂ© du sous-ensemble dĂ©terminĂ© par l'algorithme de programmation dynamique. Les rĂ©sultats corroborent bien l'Ă©tude thĂ©orique, et montrent toute l'utilitĂ© d'une approche multi-niveaux basĂ©e sur le sous-ensemble de niveaux optimal
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