The possibility of in vitro multi-enzymatic method application for the assessment of the influence of thermal treatments on organic matter digestibility of feed for ruminants

In vitro multi-enzymatic method is a two-step procedure that uses exogenous enzymes for incubation of feed that aim to imitate digestive processes in the animal. It is used for determination of organic matter digestibility (OMD) of various feedstuffs and complete mixtures used in ruminant nutrition. The aim of the present work was to determine whether this in vitro multi-enzymatic method can be applied for the assessment of the influence of thermal treatments on OMD of feed for ruminants. Samples of corn and complete mixture for cows (based on corn) were subjected to pelleting, steam flaking, micronization and extrusion. Statistical analysis of the results did not show significant increase of corn and complete mixture OMD after various thermal treatments compared to untreated samples, which can be explained by high digestibility of corn itself (exceeds 90%). Based on obtained results it can be concluded that applied in vitro method is not suitable for the assessment of the influence of thermal treatments on OMD of corn and corn based mixture, while future research should be broadened to analysis of samples with lower OMD, such as sorghum, oats and barley

Partition of parthenolide in ternary {block copolymer + biocompatible ionic liquid or natural deep eutectic solvent + water} systems

In this work, aqueous biphasic systems (ABSs) formed by copolymers, ionic liquids (ILs) and natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) have been demonstrated to be effective separation platforms for the extraction of hydrophobic pharmaceutical ingredients such as parthenolide (PAR). This work addresses the determination of the liquid–liquid equilibrium of ABS composed of choline lactate IL or choline chloride – lactic acid NADES and two different block copolymers Pluronic (PL17R4 and PL10R5), and their influence on the ABS formation and extraction efficiency of PAR. The ability of Pluronics to form ABS is compared to widely used polypropylene glycol polymer (PPG400). Comparing the effect of the ionic liquid and NADES on the ABS formation, it is shown that both salting-our reagents successfully form ABS and do not affect the extraction efficiency of PAR. The main influence on the high parthenolide extraction efficiency (>96%) is governed by the hydrophobic interactions between Pluronic and investigated compound, regardless on the applied salting-out reagent. Due to a high extraction efficiency achieved in PL-rich phase and promissing medical features of PAR, obtained results showed that this phase could be used as biocompatible drug delivery system. Avoiding commercially available organic solvents, elevated temperatures and pressure, the proposed method is greener alternative for PAR extraction

Oxidation of diazinon and malathion by myeloperoxidase

The aim of the work was to investigate the in vitro oxidation of diazinon and malathion, organophosphorous pesticides (OPs) containing phosphorthioate group, catalyzed by enzyme myeloperoxidase (MPO). The oxidation was performed in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. The products were identified as oxon derivatives (phosphates), where the sulfur atom from thioate group was substituted by an oxygen atom. No hydrolysis products were detected after enzyme - induced oxidation. The oxidation efficiency was controlled using acethylcholinesterase (AChE) bioassay for determination of oxon derivatives concentration. The influence of OPs concentration, incubation time of OPs with MPO, as well as MPO concentration on the yield of oxo forms was investigated. Kinetic constants of MPO in oxidation of malathion and diazinon were estimated. The maximum concentration of oxo forms was achieved after 10 min incubation of OPs in 50 mM phosphate buffer (pH 6.0) with 100 nM MPO. (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved

Changes in milk composition of domestic Balkan donkeys’ breed during lactation periods

Changes in the milk composition during early, middle and late stage of lactation period were monitored in 10 individual autochthonous donkeys of the Domestic Balkan breed. Animals were grazing ad libitum during early and middle lactation, while supplements (meadow hay, corn and corn stalks) were added during the late lactation period. The aim of this study was to evaluate the main compounds of donkeys’ milk during different periods of lactation. Based on the obtained results it was noticed that nutritional effects on milk composition were the greatest in the early and middle lactation. Chemical analysis indicated that donkeys’ milk was quite poor in dry matter (8.82-9.68%), fat (0.54-0.67%) and protein (1.44-1.79%), and conversely was high in lactose content (6.06-7.12%). Concentration of vitamin C varied significantly (P<0.05) during the lactation period and was very high (12.84-26.89 μg/mL) in comparison to milk from other animal species. Likewise, the content of lysozyme (1.95-3.29 g/L) and lactoferrin (1.56-3.14 g/L) during the early and middle lactation period showed an increase. Donkeys' milk did not show any significant differences in MUFA, n6-PUFA and UFA contents, while n3-PUFA, n6/n3 and UFA/SFA ratio showed a significant variability (P<0.05) during the lactation period.[Project of the Serbian Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development, Grant no. III46012

Supplementary data: UV-C light irradiation enhances toxic effects of chlorpyrifos and its formulations

Supplementary data 1: Table 1S. The chromatographic gradient profile; Table 2S. CPF concentration decrease (corresponding initial CPF concentration decrease was set as 0%) for all three forms of CPF depending on irradiation time; Table 3S. CPF and CPO concentrations determined chromatographically for TCPF, EW and EC formulations, as the function of irradiation time; % of CPO comparing to initial CPF concentration in all three forms of CPF; Supplementary data 2: Material safety data sheet according to 1907/2006/EC, Article 31/version 1; Supplementary data 3: Material safety data sheet according to 1907/2006/EC, Article 31/version 4Supplementary data for the article: [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.07.207]Related to: [http://vinar.vin.bg.ac.rs/123456789/7821

Formalized classification of the class Montio-Cardaminetea in Europe : towards a consistent typology of spring vegetation

The class Montio-Cardaminetea includes vegetation of springs with constant water flow. These habitats, which function as islands for highly specialized and sensitive biota, are endangered by ongoing landscape and climatic changes. Although a harmonized classification into vegetation units is necessary for effective habitat conservation, there is currently no synthetic classification of the class Montio-Cardaminetea. Here a large set of vegetation-plot records was obtained from national and private databases. The aim was to validate the EuroVegChecklist classification scheme, search for additional ecologically meaningful vegetation types and develop an automatic system for classifying new plots from Europe. We formally defined the cores of eight of the ten EuroVegChecklist alliances: Caricion remotae, Cratoneurion commutati, Lycopodo europaei-Cratoneurion commutati, Epilobio nutantis-Montion, Koenigio- Microjuncion, Mniobryo-Epilobion hornemanii, Philonotidion seriatae (Cardamino-Montion) and Swertio perennis-Anisothecion squarrosi, which were also reproduced by unsupervised classifications. Both unsupervised and semi-supervised classifications further suggested two alliances not previously recognized in the EuroVegChecklist: Anthelion julaceae (liverwort- dominated subalpine to alpine springs in highly oceanic regions in Britain) and Cratoneuro filicini-Calthion laetae (mesotrophic herb-rich subalpine and alpine springs). The unsupervised classifications mainly reflected the base saturation gradient, distinguishing between calcareous and non-calcareous springs. Therefore, it is suggested the order Montio-Cardaminetalia, which is broadly delimited in the EuroVegChecklist, be divided into two separate orders and the following three orders should be distinguished within the class Montio-Cardaminetea: Cardamino-Chrysosplenietalia (non-calcareous forest springs; Caricion remotae), Cardamino-Cratoneuretalia (calcareous springs; Cratoneurion commutati, Lycopodo europaei-Cratoneurion commutati) and Montio-Cardaminetalia (non-calcareous non-forest springs; all other alliances)