Multivariate prediction of diabetes according to CDP and biomarker risk score.

<p>WC, waist circumference; FG, fasting glucose; HT, hypertension; TNF-α R2: tumor neurosis factor-alpha receptor 2.</p

Comparisons of AUCs of different diabetes prediction models.

<p>AUC, Area under the curve; All biomarker levels were sex-specific except for hsCRP;</p><p>CDP: Sex, Age, Waist circumference, fasting glucose, hypertension, dyslipidaemia, family history of diabetes, physical activity and smoking status.</p><p>TNF-α R2: tumor neurosis factor-alpha receptor 2; hsCRP, high sensitivity C-reactive protein; IL-6, Interleukin-6; A-FABP, adipocyte-fatty acid-binding protein.</p

Log-likelihood ratio tests comparing the change before and after addition of biomarkers.

<p>-2LL, -2log-likelihood; p-value (χ², df = 1);</p><p>All biomarker levels were sex specific (except for hsCRP).</p><p>CDP: Sex, Age, Waist circumference, fasting glucose, hypertension, dyslipidaemia, family history of diabetes, physical activity and smoking status.</p><p>TNF-α R2: tumor neurosis factor-alpha receptor 2; hsCRP, high sensitivity C-reactive protein; IL-6, Interleukin-6; A-FABP, adipocyte-fatty acid-binding protein.</p

Baseline clinical and biochemical characteristics of subjects with and without incident type 2 DM in 5.3 years.

<p>Mean ± SD, median (interquartile-range), or percentage as appropriate.</p>a<p>Physical activity: active if having moderate intensity exercise for at least 30 minutes in one month. ^bSex-adjusted; ^cAdjusted for hypertensive treatment; ^dLog transformed before analysis. ^eExcluded subjects on lipid treatment;</p><p>Central obesity: waist circumference ≥90 cm (M)/80 cm (F).</p><p>Hypertension: systolic blood pressure ≥140 mmHg, diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mmHg, or on hypertensive treatment.</p><p>Dyslipidaemia: triglycerides ≥1.7 mmol/L, HDL cholesterol <1.0 mmol/L (M)/1.3 mmol/L (F), LDL cholesterol ≥3.4 mmol/L, or on lipid treatment.</p

Cox regression analysis showing the association the <i>KCNJ11</i> E23K variant with incident prediabetes.

<p>HWE: Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium; EAF: Effect allele frequency; n: Number; HR: Hazards ratio; CI: Confidence interval; P: P-value; Ref: Reference.</p

Multinomial logistic regression analysis showing the association of the <i>KCNJ11</i> E23K variant with progression to prediabetes and progression to T2DM at the end of the 12-year study.

<p>HWE: Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium; EAF: Effect allele frequency; n: Number; OR: Odds ratio; CI: Confidence interval; P: P-value.</p

Baseline clinical characteristics of subjects who showed no progression, progression to prediabetes and progression to T2DM at the end of 12-year.

<p>Bonferroni Post Hoc test was applied for multiple comparisons. No progression as reference.</p><p>*P<0.05; ** P<0.01; *** P<0.001.</p><p>Data as mean±standard deviation or median with interquartile range. <b>^a</b> Natural-log-transformed before analysis. NGT: Normal glucose tolerance; IGT: Impaired glucose tolerance; IFG: Impaired fasting glucose; BMI: Body mass index; WC: Waist circumference; FPG: Fasting plama glucose; 2 hrG: 2 hr post-OGTT glucose; HOMA-IR: homeostasis model assessment index for insulin resistance; HOMA-beta: homeostasis model assessment index for beta-cell function.</p

Forest Plot.

<p>Meta-analysis of eight prospective studies on the association of <i>KCNJ11</i> E23K variant with incident T2DM. The shaded diamonds represent the individual OR of each study. The size of these shaded diamonds were proportional to the study weighting in the meta-analysis. The un-shaded diamonds indicate the combined ORs calculated under the fixed and random effect models. The 95% confidence intervals are demonstrated by the horizontal lines.</p

Multiple Cox regression analyses showing factors independently associated with incident prediabetes.

a<p>Natural-log-transformed before analysis.</p>b<p>Model 1: Multiple adjustments made for age, sex, BMI and fasting glucose.</p>c<p>Model 2: Multiple adjustments made for age, sex, BMI, fasting glucose and 2-hr glucose.</p>d<p>Model 3: Multiple adjustments made for age, sex, BMI and HOMA-IR.</p><p>BMI: Body mass index; FPG: Fasting plama glucose; 2 hrG: 2 hr post-OGTT glucose; HOMA-IR: homeostasis model assessment index for insulin resistance; HR: Hazard ratio; CI: Confidence interval; P: P-value.</p

Multiple multinomial logistic regression showing the association of the <i>KCNJ11</i> E23K variant with progression to prediabetes and progression to T2DM, adjusted for confounding factors.

a<p>Model 1: Multiple adjustments made for age, sex, BMI and fasting glucose.</p>b<p>Model 2: Multiple adjustments made for age, sex, BMI, fasting glucose and 2-hr glucose.</p>c<p>Model 3: Multiple adjustments made for age, sex, BMI and HOMA-IR.</p><p>OR: Odds ratio; CI: Confidence interval; P: P-value; Ref: Reference.</p