The Influence of the Unaccompanied Bach Suites

Bach was very influential in changing the function of the violoncello from an accompanying instrument to a solo instrument, showing the cello’s potential in his writing of the unaccompanied cello suites. Throughout the cello’s history, the instrument was considered to be primarily an accompanying instrument, playing the basso continuo line of most music. Through research of primary and secondary sources, it was found that during Bach’s time in Cöthen, he was given freedom and the resources to compose what he wished. These resources included excellent musicians such as the gambist, played by Abel and the cellist, Linigke. It was most likely that Bach used their knowledge to compose the cello suites and through these suites, Bach helped change the role of the cello to a solo instrument. Although Bach used previous composition styles, such as the dance suite form, he incorporated elements of cello playing that had not been used before. A few examples of these elements include the scordatura tuning of the fifth suite, as well as the call for a five-stringed instrument in the six suite. More detailed elements are the ways in which Bach created different voices in one melodic line. In many of the suites, a two-level line or a theme and accompaniment can be found. Bach creates an accompanying line within the solo line, allowing the cello to display its soloistic possibilities and not to be confined simply playing an accompanying line. Another interesting element would be the different moods and emotions that can be seen in the different suites. Through different keys, rhythms, notes, and compositional styles, Bach creates a unique setting for each suite. Through these different moods, the cello was seen as an expressive and significant instrument that enabled future composers to see the potential in cello composition

The Influence of the Unaccompanied Bach Suites

Bach was very influential in changing the function of the violoncello from an accompanying instrument to a solo instrument, showing the cello’s potential in his writing of the unaccompanied cello suites. Throughout the cello’s history, the instrument was considered to be primarily an accompanying instrument, playing the basso continuo line of most music. Through research of primary and secondary sources, it was found that during Bach’s time in Cöthen, he was given freedom and the resources to compose what he wished. These resources included excellent musicians such as the gambist, played by Abel and the cellist, Linigke. It was most likely that Bach used their knowledge to compose the cello suites and through these suites, Bach helped change the role of the cello to a solo instrument. Although Bach used previous composition styles, such as the dance suite form, he incorporated elements of cello playing that had not been used before. A few examples of these elements include the scordatura tuning of the fifth suite, as well as the call for a five-stringed instrument in the six suite. More detailed elements are the ways in which Bach created different voices in one melodic line. In many of the suites, a two-level line or a theme and accompaniment can be found. Bach creates an accompanying line within the solo line, allowing the cello to display its soloistic possibilities and not to be confined simply playing an accompanying line. Another interesting element would be the different moods and emotions that can be seen in the different suites. Through different keys, rhythms, notes, and compositional styles, Bach creates a unique setting for each suite. Through these different moods, the cello was seen as an expressive and significant instrument that enabled future composers to see the potential in cello composition

Edible Plagiarism: Reconsidering Recipe Copyright in the Digital Age

Sharing recipes through food blogs is an increasingly popular activity. Bloggers publish their own recipes, claiming copyright protection, but they also publish others\u27 recipes. Food publishers who distribute recipes online may be harmed when bloggers include the entire text of the food publisher\u27s recipe on a blog without the publisher\u27s knowledge or permission. The blogger\u27s inclusion of an entire recipe often reduces site traffic to the food publisher\u27s website, thereby damaging advertising revenues. Copyright law, as courts interpret it today, does not provide these publishers with recourse against bloggers who publish their recipes without permission. This Note analyzes the various issues related to the copyrightability of recipes, beginning with the current rule on copyright protection for recipes. The current rule should be changed due to the prevalence of recipe sharing through food blogs. Any such change must comply with the constitutional requirements for copyright law as applied to recipes. In order to demonstrate successful enforcement of recipe copyright, this Note looks to examples of copyright licensing organizations such as the Internet licensing organization, Creative Commons, and the American Society of Composers, Artists and Publishers (ASCAP). Ultimately, this Note proposes that the challenges arising from recipe use on the Internet require a new approach to copyrighting published recipes that includes copyright protection combined with an establishment of an industry licensing the enforcement organization

Lines in the sand: pre-interview rank and probability of receiving admission to medical school

Background: We provide an examination of one medical school’s attempt to determine whether their cut-off point for number of interviews offered is congruent with the probability these applicants’ have for admission post-interview. Methods: Offer probability was determined by organizing pre-interview rankings from 2013-2017 (n = 2,659) applicant cohorts into bins of 50 applicants and finding the quotient of successful and total applicants in each bin.A linear-by-linear association Chi-square test and adjusted standardized residuals with an applied Bonferroni correction were used to determine if the observed frequencies in each bin were different than expected by chance. A Spearman Correlation analysis between pre- and post-interview ranks was conducted. Results: All applicants have between a 50.0% and 76.4% chance of admission. Observed frequencies are different than chance (χ(1)=50.835, p<.001), with a significantly greater number of offers seen in the bins between 1 and 100 (p<.001 for both bins). There is a weak positive relationship between pre- and post-rank, rs(2657)= 0.258, p<.001. Conclusion: The results indicate the number of interviews conducted does not exceed a threshold wherein individuals with a relatively low chance of admission are interviewed. Findings are interpreted with respect to ethical resource allocation for both programs and applicants

Fbxw7 Deletion Accelerates KrasG12D-Driven Pancreatic Tumorigenesis via Yap Accumulation

AbstractPancreatic cancers driven by KRAS mutations require additional mutations for tumor progression. The tumor suppressor FBXW7 is altered in pancreatic cancers, but its contribution to pancreatic tumorigenesis is unknown. To determine potential cooperation between Kras mutation and Fbxw7 inactivation in pancreatic tumorigenesis, we generated P48-Cre;LSL-KrasG12D;Fbxw7fl/fl (KFCfl/fl) compound mice. We found that KFCfl/fl mice displayed accelerated tumorigenesis: all mice succumbed to pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) by 40 days of age, with PDA onset occurring by 2 weeks of age. PDA in KFCfl/fl mice was preceded by earlier onset of acinar-to-ductal metaplasia (ADM) and pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN) lesions, and associated with chromosomal instability and the accumulation of Fbxw7 substrates Yes-associated protein (Yap), c-Myc, and Notch. Using KFCfl/fl and FBXW7-deficient human pancreatic cancer cells, we found that Yap silencing attenuated growth promotion by Fbxw7 deletion. Our data demonstrate that Fbxw7 is a potent suppressor of KrasG12D-induced pancreatic tumorigenesis due, at least in part, to negative regulation of Yap

Le Certificat de compétence additionnelle en médecine familiale : une enquête descriptive sur le point de vue des médecins de famille sur les pratiques d'amélioration des compétences au Canada

Introduction: The College of Family Physicians of Canada (CFPC) offers the Certificate of Added Competence (CAC) program to designate a family physician with enhanced skills. In 2015, the College expanded its program to introduce enhanced certification in four new domains: Palliative Care, Care of the Elderly, Sports and Exercise Medicine, and Family Practice Anesthesia. In this study, we elicited perceptions from Canadian family physicians with and without the CAC on practice impacts associated with the program. Methods: Active family physicians in Canada with and without CACs were surveyed between November 2019 to January 2020. Descriptive statistics were generated to describe the perceptions of family physicians regarding the CAC program and its impacts on practice. Results: Respondents agreed with several benefits of the program including enhancing the capacity to deliver comprehensive care, alleviating the burden of patient travel by increasing the availability of care in rural and remote communities, and providing opportunities to engage in various collaborative care models and new leadership roles. All respondents perceived CAC holders to pursue the certificate to meet both professional interests and community needs. Conclusions: There is a need for strong and continued investment in systemic practice improvements that incentivize the delivery of comprehensive family medicine practice.Introduction : Le certificat de compétence additionnelle (CCA) accordé par le Collège des médecins de famille du Canada (CMFC) vise à reconnaître un haut niveau de compétences chez un médecin de famille. En 2015, le Collège a élargi le titre de compétences additionnelles à quatre nouveaux domaines : soins palliatifs, soins aux personnes âgées, médecine du sport et de l'exercice, et anesthésie en médecine familiale. Dans cette étude, nous avons recueilli les perceptions de médecins de famille titulaires et non titulaires d’un CCA sur l’influence de pratiques associées au programme de certification. Méthodes : Des médecins de famille actifs au Canada, titulaires et non titulaires du CCA, ont été interrogés entre novembre 2019 et janvier 2020. Des statistiques descriptives ont été générées pour décrire leurs perceptions concernant le Certificat et ses impacts sur la pratique. Résultats : Les répondants s’entendaient pour reconnaître au CCA plusieurs avantages, notamment le fait d'améliorer la capacité des médecins à fournir des soins complets, de leur offrir la possibilité de s'engager dans divers modèles de soins collaboratifs et de nouveaux rôles de leadership, et d'alléger le fardeau des déplacements des patients en augmentant la disponibilité des soins dans les populations rurales et éloignées. Tous les répondants estiment que les médecins recherchent l’obtention de ce titre de compétence pour répondre à la fois à leurs intérêts professionnels et aux besoins de la collectivité. Conclusions : Il faut investir de manière importante et continue dans des améliorations systémiques qui favoriseront une pratique holistique de la médecine familiale