Participant Characteristics (n = 188) By Daily Step Quartiles.

*<p>Data for 2 subjects missing;</p>†<p>Data for 1 subject missing;</p>‡<p>Data for 4 subjects missing.</p

Hierarchical Modeling of Longitudinal Data, Demonstrating Seasonal Changes in Blood Pressure per 1,000 Daily Step Increment, among Women and Men.

<p>All hierarchical models adjusted for age, ethnicity and BMI.</p

Mean systolic blood pressure (A), diastolic blood pressure (B), and A1C (C) by daily step quartile in women and men treated for type 2 diabetes.

<p>Mean systolic blood pressure (A), diastolic blood pressure (B), and A1C (C) by daily step quartile in women and men treated for type 2 diabetes.</p

Change in Blood Pressure and A1C per 1,000 Daily Step Increment among Women and Men.

*<p>Models adjusted for age, ethnicity and BMI;</p>†<p>Models adjusted for age, ethnicity and waist-to-hip ratio.</p

A longitudinal cohort study of soil-transmitted helminth infections during the second year of life and associations with reduced long-term cognitive and verbal abilities

<div><p>Background</p><p>Soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infection leads to malnutrition and anemia, and has been linked to impaired child development. Previous research on this topic is limited and mostly conducted in school-age children. The goal of this study was to determine the effect of the number of detected STH infections between one and two years of age on subsequent cognitive and verbal abilities, in a cohort of preschool children.</p><p>Methodology/Principal findings</p><p>A longitudinal cohort study was conducted in 880 children in Iquitos, Peru between September 2011 and July 2016. Children were recruited at one year of age and followed up at 18 months and then annually between two and five years of age. STH infection was measured with the Kato-Katz technique or the direct smear technique. Child development was measured with the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development-III at the one to three-year visits and with the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence-III at the four and five-year visits. Hierarchical multivariable linear regression models were used to account for the repeated outcome measures for each child and Bayesian latent class analysis was used to adjust for STH misclassification. Children found infected with any STH infection between one and two years of age had lower cognitive scores between two and five years of age (between group score differences (95% credible intervals) for infected once, and infected two or three times, compared to never infected: -4.31 (-10.64, -0.14) and -3.70 (-10.11, -0.11), respectively). Similar results were found for <i>Ascaris</i> infection and for verbal scores.</p><p>Conclusions/Significance</p><p>An association was found between having been infected with <i>Ascaris</i> or any STH between one and two years of age and lower cognitive and verbal abilities later in childhood. These results suggest that targeting children for STH control as of one year of age is particularly important.</p></div

Univariable and multivariable linear regression results for the effect of cumulative <i>Ascaris</i> infection, cumulative <i>Trichuris</i> infection, and cumulative any STH infection on verbal scores in preschool children in Iquitos, Peru, September 2011 to July 2016.

<p>Univariable and multivariable linear regression results for the effect of cumulative <i>Ascaris</i> infection, cumulative <i>Trichuris</i> infection, and cumulative any STH infection on <u>verbal scores</u> in preschool children in Iquitos, Peru, September 2011 to July 2016.</p

STH prevalence and intensity at the 12, 18 and 24 months of age study visits in preschool children in Iquitos, Peru, September 2011 to July 2016.

<p>STH prevalence and intensity at the 12, 18 and 24 months of age study visits in preschool children in Iquitos, Peru, September 2011 to July 2016.</p

Frequency of the number of detected STH infections between 12 and 24 months of age for the 880 children included in this analysis^*, Iquitos, Peru, September 2011 to July 2016.

<p>Frequency of the number of detected STH infections between 12 and 24 months of age for the 880 children included in this analysis^{<a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0006688#t003fn001" target="_blank">*</a>}, Iquitos, Peru, September 2011 to July 2016.</p

Raw, scaled and composite scores from the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development (Bayley-III) and the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI-III) at the one to five years of age study visits, Iquitos, Peru, September 2011 to July 2016.

<p>Raw, scaled and composite scores from the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development (Bayley-III) and the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI-III) at the one to five years of age study visits, Iquitos, Peru, September 2011 to July 2016.</p

Study flowchart for 880 children randomly sampled at the 36-month visit to be included in this analysis in Iquitos, Peru September 2011 to July 2016.

<p>Study flowchart for 880 children randomly sampled at the 36-month visit to be included in this analysis in Iquitos, Peru September 2011 to July 2016.</p