369 research outputs found
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Lung Cancer Risk Is Proportional to Cigarette Tar Yield: Evidence from a Prospective Study
The age-adjusted risk for lung cancer among over 120,000 male current cigarette smokers in the American Cancer Society's 1959-1972 prospective study was analyzed according to tar yield and quantity smoked per day. At each quantity level, the risk increased with increasing tar yield, and at each tar level, the risk increased with numbers of cigarettes smoked daily. The risks in smokers of cigarettes with the lowest yields, however, far exceeded those of former smokers and nonsmokers. The excess lung cancer risk for current smokers was directly proportional to the estimated total milligrams of tar consumed daily: SMR = 100 + 1.731 Ă— milligrams tar per day. Tar yields today are much lower than they were at the time of this study and presage an eventual reduction (but not elimination) of lung cancer risk for those who continue to smoke cigarettes, especially among lifetime smokers of low-tar cigarettes
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Artificial Sweetener Use and One-Year Weight Change Among Women
Weight change over a 1-year period was examined in a highly homogeneous group of 78,694 women ages 50-69 enrolled in a prospective mortality study. Artificial sweetener usage increased with relative weight and decreased with age. Users were significantly more likely than nonusers to gain weight, regardless of initial weight. Average weight gains or losses by artificial sweetener users differed by less than 2 pounds from gains or losses among nonusers. These results were not explicable by differences in food consumption patterns. The data do not support the hypothesis that long-term artificial sweetener use either helps weight loss or prevents weight gain
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Patterns of Artificial Sweetener Use and Weight Change in an American Cancer Society Prospective Study
Extreme obesity and leanness are risk factors for many types of cancer. An earlier American Cancer Society study (1959-1972) found a nearly twofold increased risk for death from all causes in men and women who weighed 40% or more above average for their age and height, and found elevated cancer rates as well. A new (1982), ongoing ACS prospective study of 1.2 million men and women continues to find increased death rates from all causes and from cancer in the very heavy and the very lean. Artificial sweetener (AS) use is an important correlate of relative weight in this population. The relationship between weight change during the year preceding enrollment and AS usage was studied in a highly homogeneous subgroup of 78694 women ages 50-69 years. The percentage of users increased with body mass index (BMI) and was inversely related to age. Users were significantly more likely than non-users to gain weight, regardless of initial BMI. Among those who gained weight, the average number of lbs gained by AS users was higher (by 0.5-1.5 lb) than the amount gained by non-users. Within the entire cohort, AS users of both sexes ate chicken, fish and vegetables significantly more often than did non-users and consumed beef, butter, white bread, potatoes, ice cream and chocolate significantly less often, suggesting that our weight change results are not explicable by differences in food consumption patterns
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Cigarette smoking among physicians, dentists, and nurses
Smoking habits of Americans have changed substantially over the past several decades, in large part because of the increasing knowledge and publicity regarding health hazards of tobacco consumption. It is to be expected that physicians and other health professionals would be in the vanguard of smoking reduction, and previous studies show that whereas in the 1950s more than 50 percent of physicians smoked, by 1975 the prevalence had dropped to about 20 percent. We present here a portrait of smoking habits in 11,324 physicians, 2,892 dentists, and 44,568 nurses enrolled in Cancer Prevention Study II, a cohort study of 1.2 million US men and women initially surveyed in 1982. Our data show, for example, that 16.7 percent of physicians in this sample were current smokers. Smoking prevalence was slightly lower in dentists (14.1 percent) but considerably greater in nurses (23.6 percent of female nurses and 41.3 percent of male nurses). Male doctors who continue to smoke consume more cigarettes per day than female doctors who are current smokers. These data are generally consistent with population studies, and reinforce the notion that health professionals should be exemplars with respect to health behaviors such as smoking
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Cancer Mortality Among Woodworkers
The mortality experience of 10,322 men employed in woodworking industries was compared with that of 406,798 nonwoodworkers. All subjects were enrolled in an American Cancer Society study and followed prospectively from 1959 through 1972. Age-adjusted rates of death from all causes and from all cancers were not higher in the woodworker group, but excess rates were observed for cancers of the lung, stomach, and bladder, as well as nonmelanoma skin cancer and possibly leukemia. Woodworkers experienced significantly decreased rates of colon-rectum cancer and coronary heart disease. The elevated cancer rates could not be explained by cigarette smoking habits. If anything, there is evidence to suggest a possible interaction between employment in woodworking trades and heavy cigarette smoking, in increasing the risk of lung and bladder cancer
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Smoking Habits and Tar Levels in a New American Cancer Society Prospective Study of 1.2 Million Men and Women
In 1982 the American Cancer Society (ACS) enrolled over 1.2 million American men and women in a prospective mortality study of cancer and other causes in relation to environmental and life-style factors. Biennial follow-up is planned through 1988. At the time of enrollment, 23.6% of the men and 20.0% of the women were current smokers of cigarettes. Compared with a similar ACS study of 1 million subjects enrolled 23 years earlier, among men the proportion of current smokers was halved and that of ex-smokers doubled, while among women the proportion of ever-smokers increased by 10% and that of ex-smokers quadrupled. Most smokers of filter cigarettes had smoked nonfiltered cigarettes earlier in life. The median year for switching to filters was 1964, the year of the first Surgeon General's report. More than one-third of male smokers' and one-half of female smokers' current brands had tar yields below 12 mg; less than 9% of male smokers' and 4% of female smokers' current brands had tar yields of 20.2 mg or more (nonfilters). The study population differed in many respects from the general U.S. population; the study population had, for example, a much higher average educational level. Nevertheless, distributions of smoking habits changed a few percentage points after adjustment to the educational level of the general population
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Smoking and Lung Cancer in Women: Findings in a Prospective Study
Lung cancer rates in relation to smoking habits were studied in a cohort of 619,225 women traced over a 4-yr period (1982 to 1986). A total of 1,006 lung cancer deaths was recorded. The standardized mortality ratio (SMR) for women smokers was 12.7 for current smokers and 4.8 for ex-smokers. For those women without a history of chronic diseases, the SMR rose to 17.6 for current smokers. The SMRs rose with the number of cigarettes smoked per day to 22.0 for women who smoked 31 or more per day. SMRs also increased with depth of inhalation; this increase was independent of the number smoked per day. SMRs also increased by duration of smoking and decreased with cessation of smoking. Mortality ratios for lung cancer in women ranged from about 2 to 1 to 3 to 1 in studies carried out in the 1950s and 1960s. As women have begun to smoke earlier in life, smoke more cigarettes a day, and inhale more deeply, we are now observing much higher SMRs in women with lung cancer, similar in magnitude to those seen in men in the earlier studies
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Alcohol and Breast Cancer: A Cohort Study
The relation between alcohol consumption and several causes of death, including breast cancer, was examined in a population of 581,321 women enrolled in a prospective study in 1959 and followed for 12 years. Women who drank occasionally had about the same breast cancer mortality rate as nondrinkers; those who drank one to four drinks per day had SMLRs 7-26% higher; five drinks per day, 1.89; and six or more drinks per day, 1.65. The two highest-consumption groups’ risks were significantly higher than those of nondrinkers after multivariate adjustment for several breast cancer risk factors. Distinctive dose-response relationships were observed for two known alcohol-related conditions: cirrhosis of the liver and cancer of the aero-digestive tract, suggesting that results for other causes are not seriously biased by misclassification of drinking habits. Death rates from all causes combined were elevated for drinkers of three or more drinks per day. Whether or not the association of elevated breast cancer death rates ultimately turns out to be causal, there is ample reason to continue to warn the public against excessive drinking
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The effect of the quasi-biennial oscillation on the Madden-Julian oscillation in the Met Office Unified Model Global Ocean Mixed Layer configuration
Using multi-decadal simulations, we investigate the relationship between the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation (QBO) and the Madden–Julian Oscillation (MJO) in the Global Ocean Mixed Layer Configuration of the Met Office Unified Model (MetUM-GOML1) at two horizontal resolutions (approximately 200 km and 90 km at the equator). MetUM-GOML1 produces a weak and insignificant correlation between QBO winds and mean MJO amplitude in boreal winter, in contrast to the significant anti-correlation in reanalysis. While reanalysis shows the easterly QBO favors stronger Maritime Continent MJO activity, MetUM-GOML1 displays stronger West Pacific MJO activity. The biased QBO-MJO relationship in MetUM-GOML1 may be due to weak QBO-induced temperature anomalies in the tropical tropopause layer, or to errors in MJO vertical structure
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